The aim of this study is to examine how learning experiences in social work influence social work students with regard to choosing social work as a career. Based on social cognitive career theory, this study hypothesized that learning experiences(dire...
The aim of this study is to examine how learning experiences in social work influence social work students with regard to choosing social work as a career. Based on social cognitive career theory, this study hypothesized that learning experiences(direct achievement experiences, modeling, verbal persuasion or positive feedback) would not have direct effect on social work students' choice of social work as a career. Rather, these experiences would influence social work self-efficacy and social work related outcome expectations and consequently, have indirect effect on students' career decision making. Particularly, this study hypothesized that social work self-efficacy and social work outcome expectation would directly influence career decision making while these two variables would have indirect effect on career decision making through career interest.
The current study collected data from senior students who are currently enrolling in 4-year colleges and major in social work. A stratified-cluster sampling strategy was used. Data was collected through survey using structured questionnaires. Poorly answered or improperly answered questionnaires and outliers were sorted out and selected data was randomly divided into estimation sample and validation sample. This study analyzed estimation sample and conducted cross-validation analysis for verified sample. The total size for estimation sample was 595 cases and 568 cases for validation sample.
Structural equation modeling (SEM) with SPSS 12.0 and Amos 5.0 and maximum likelihood(ML) estimation were used to examine and analyze data. Basic analysis procedure for hypothesis testing followed two-step approach, recommended by Anderson and Gerbing (1988). For the first step, the result of measurement model showed that the model was appropriate for data, and all factor loadings were statistically validated. Although there were some items that showed relatively weak explanatory power for latent variable, these items were included in this study because overall reliability, validity and goodness of the model were acceptable to use. To test the quality of the measurement, this study examined unidimensionality, reliability, validity and stability of the measurement model. For the reliability test, construct reliability and average variance extracted value were examined, and for the validity test, convergent validity, discriminant validity and principle validity were examined.
For the second step, structural regression model was analyzed. On the analysis of structural regression model, hypothesis formulated based on the research model was primarily tested, and a model providing better explanation for data was developed. Based on the final model, this study analyzed how the self-efficacy, outcome expectation and interest in social work career mediated the relationship between social work learning experiences and students' decision to choose social work as their career. Then the study analyzed mediating paths between learning experiences and the career decision making.
First, the hypothesized research model was tested. The model was fit for data and explained 78.8% of the dependent variable, choice of social work as a career. The findings of the hypothesis test are as follows. It was proved that the social work learning experiences (direct achievement experiences and positive feedback) except modeling significantly influenced social work self-efficacy. Among these, direct achievement experience showed the most significant impact. The hypothesis that social work learning experiences and social work self-efficacy would influence social work outcome expectation was all supported. Positive feedback among leaning experiences variables was found to have the most significant impact on social work outcome expectation. The hypothesis that social work outcome expectation would directly influence the interest in social work career was supported. However, the hypothesis that social work self-efficacy would influence the interested in social work career was not supported. It was found that self-efficacy had indirect impact through outcome expectation, instead of direct impact. Finally, among three variables of social work self-efficacy, social work outcome expectation and interest in social work career, interest in social work career was found to have significant impact.
For the next step, the final model through the model modification procedure was developed to find a better model not only to prove the hypothesis, but also to explain the causal mechanism between social work learning experiences and social work students' career choice as a social worker. The final model was developed by adding a path of 'feedback→career decision making' which would enhance the goodness of fit significantly, instead of two paths of 'self-efficacy→career decision making' and 'self-efficacy→career interest' which showed no significance in goodness of fit based on estimated results from a variety of sample sizes within the same group. This final model demonstrated better results in parsimony and goodness of fit than the proposed model because it explained data of social work students better.
Finally, This study decomposed the effect of learning experiences which explained career decision in the final model. The relationship between learning experiences and career decision making can be explained by a complete mediation model. Therefore total effects of learning experiences variables on career decision making are same as total indirect effects (total mediation effects). Among the learning experiences variables, positive feedback had the most significant total effect on career decision making. Among the statistically significant mediating paths, 'feedback→career interest→career decision making' route showed the most significant mediating effect. After analyzing the effects of other mediating paths, a path from learning experiences to career decision making through outcome expectation was more significant than the same path through self-efficacy. This implies that career decision making is regarded as a critical decision in one's life, therefore outcomes of social work experiences are more important than social work self-efficacy for respondents. Testing a cross validity showed that findings of estimated sample would be reproduced in other samples within the same population, which contributed to enhance external validity and internal validity of the study.
The findings of the study propose that increasing interest of social work students in their major is crucial in the process of making a decision to choose social work as their career. This study also suggests that course work in social work major should be developed to help students achieve more positive outcome expectation as well as enhance their social work self-efficacy. In other words, more supportive learning environment should be provided for student to explore and experience their capabilities and potential in social work practice. In addition, social work education should provide more opportunities and good role modes for students to achieve more confidence in social work practice.