개인의 자기효능감 및 집단효능감 변화에 대한 동태적 연구 : 집단 내 과업수행 상황을 중심으로

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This dissertation is a study about a variation of individual’s self-efficacy and collective-efficacy by group member’s interactions in task performing situation, empirically analyzed into dynamic aspects. First, I considered a dynamic view of efficacy. This study demonstrates a proof that efficacy is a dynamic notion, although other existed studies have not explained empirically. Second, I examined the effect of other group members’ self-efficacy on individual’s self-efficacy and collective-efficacy when group members interact with each other, one by one, in task performing situation. In addition, I used a laboratory method to explore the variation of individual’s self-efficacy and collective-efficacy, considering a causal sequence.
Survey and experimental data were collected from 335 medical technicians. I developed one scenario that describes daily work situation. Respondents were asked to describe their self-efficacy and collective-efficacy about that scenario, supposing that they are in the situation of the virtual scenario, and I examined the variation of respondents’ self-efficacy and collective-efficacy by the interaction with other members.
I proved that leader’s and co-worker’s self-efficacy affect to individual’s self-efficacy and collective-efficacy. Individual’s self-efficacy and collective-efficacy are increased when the leader’s and the co-worker’s self-efficacy are high, and the individual’s self-efficacy and collective-efficacy are decreased when the leader’s and the co-worker’s self-efficacy are low. In addition, the leader affects more than the co-worker to individual’s self-efficacy and collective-efficacy. The variation of individual’s self-efficacy and collective-efficacy, moreover, is more significant ① when the leader’s and the co-worker’s self-efficacy are low, ② when individual’s initial self-efficacy is low, ③ when the leader and the co-worker keep a strong social power and ④ when task experience needs much interaction with group members.
There are some implications of this study. Individuals determine and change their self-efficacy and collective-efficacy by others who closely interact with the individuals, when they are in task-related situation. Former studies have been focused on the determinants of efficacy. However, this study examined the process of how individual’s self-efficacy and collective-efficacy changed by leader and co-worker during interactions with them. Also, I used the laboratory method, which controls the external configuration and examines the cause-result effect of how individual’s efficacy shifts. I found that individual’s efficacy varied dynamically by the process of task-related interaction with others. Individuals react more sensitively by negative information than by positive information. As leader and co-worker has a high level social power, individuals trust the leader and the co-worker more and have confidence with the information they provide. Furthermore, individual’s efficacy reflects an interaction with others, regarding a specific task. Therefore, the configuration of task affects to the degree of interaction with others and individual’s efficacy. This conceptual model and the results give an implication for managing employees’ efficacy.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 집단 내 과업수행에서의 상호작용을 통해 개인의 자기효능감 및 집단효능감이 변화되는 과정을 동태적 측면에서 실증적으로 분석한 연구로서 다음과 같은 연구과제를 다루고 있다. 우선, 기존 연구들은 효능감을 동적인 개념으로 설명하지만 이에 대한 실증연구는 부족하였는데, 본 연구는 효능감이 동적인 개념이라는 명제를 실증하고자 한다. 다음으로 집단 내 다른 구성원과의 1:1 상호작용 과정에서 다른 구성원의 자기효능감에 의한 개인의 자기효능감 및 집단효능감의 변화를 살펴보고자 한다. 그리고, 원인과 결과를 동일시점에서 측정했던 기존 연구들의 방법론적 문제를 해결하기 위해 사건의 순서를 고려한 실험적 연구방법을 통해 주요 변수의 인과관계를 실증하고자 한다.
본 연구는 위와 같은 연구과제를 수행하기 위해 335명의 의료기사를 대상으로 실험적 연구를 진행하였다. 실험은 의료기사들의 실제 과업을 반영한 가상의 상황에서 개인의 자기효능감 및 집단효능감을 반복측정하여 다른 구성원과의 상호작용을 통한 개인의 효능감 변화를 살펴보았다.
실험적 연구조사를 통해 발견된 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 우선, 개인의 자기효능감 및 집단효능감은 상호작용 과정에서 리더 및 동료의 자기효능감에 의해 영향을 받아 변화되었다. 구체적으로 리더 및 동료의 자기효능감 수준이 높으면 개인의 자기효능감 및 집단효능감의 수준이 증가하였으며, 반대로 리더 및 동료의 자기효능감 수준이 낮으면 개인의 자기효능감 및 집단효능감의 수준이 감소하였다. 이때, 리더 및 동료의 자기효능감 수준이 높은 경우 보다는 낮은 경우에 개인의 자기효능감 및 집단효능감 변화가 더욱 강하게 나타났으며, 리더가 동료보다 강한 영향력을 발휘하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고, 상호작용 이전에 개인이 형성하고 있던 자기효능감의 수준이 높은 사람이 낮은 사람에 비해 리더 및 동료의 자기효능감에 의한 자신의 자기효능감 및 집단효능감 변화가 적게 나타났다. 또한, 리더 및 동료의 사회적 파워가 높거나 과업특성이 구성원간 높은 수준의 상호작용을 요구할 경우 리더 및 동료의 자기효능감에 의한 개인의 자기효능감 및 집단효능감 변화는 더욱 강하게 나타났다.
이상 도출된 결과의 분석을 통한 본 연구의 결론 및 시사점은 다음과 같다. 개인은 다른 구성원과의 상호작용을 통해 과업수행과 관련된 다양한 정보를 확보하게 되며, 이를 바탕으로 자신의 효능감을 판단하게 된다. 즉, 개인은 주위의 상황이나 정보에 따라 자신의 효능감에 대한 판단을 변화시키게 된다. 기존 연구들은 효능감의 결정요인 발견에 중점을 뒀으나 본 연구는 동태적 측면에서 효능감의 변화과정을 살펴봤다는 점에서 차별성을 갖고 있으며, 특히 국내에서는 이러한 연구가 아직 이루어지지 않은 상황에서 국내조직을 대상으로 수행한 실증연구라는 점에서 시사점을 제공한다. 그리고, 본 연구는 방법론적으로 사건의 순서를 고려한 실험적 연구방법을 통해 외부 영향요인을 통제하면서 주요 변수간의 인과관계를 실증했으며, 구성원간 상호작용을 통해 구성원들의 효능감이 지속적으로 함께 변화한다는 동적인 집단의 특성을 반영했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 또한, 개인은 긍정적 정보보다는 부정적 정보에 더욱 민감하게 반응을 하며, 개인이 원래 가지고 있던 자기효능감 수준이 낮을 경우 외부 정보에 더욱 민감하게 반응한다. 그리고, 정보를 제공하는 구성원의 사회적 파워가 높을 경우 그 정보를 더욱 신뢰하며, 개인의 효능감은 특정 과업을 대상으로 하기 때문에 과업특성 자체가 구성원간 상호작용을 유발시키는 정도에 의해서도 개인의 효능감 변화수준은 달라지게 된다. 이러한 측면에서 본 연구는 실무적 차원에서 구성원들의 효능감 관리를 위한 시사점을 제공하며, 다른 분야에서 연구된 개인특성 변화 메커니즘을 효능감 분야에 접목했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제 1 장 서론 1
• 제 1 절 연구의 배경 1
• 제 2 절 연구의 목적 6
• 제 3 절 연구의 구성 8
• 제 2 장 개인수준의 효능감에 대한 연구 9
• 제 1 절 효능감의 개념 9
• 1. 효능감의 개요 9
• 2. 자기효능감의 정의 11
• 3. 집단효능감의 정의 12
• 제 2 절 효능감의 중요성 및 효과 16
• 1. 자기효능감의 중요성 및 효과 16
• 2. 집단효능감의 중요성 및 효과 20
• 제 3 절 효능감의 형성 21
• 1. 자기효능감의 형성 21
• 2. 집단효능감의 형성 32
• 제 4 절 자기효능감과 집단효능감의 관계 35
• 1. 자기효능감과 집단효능감의 유사점과 차이점 35
• 2. 자기효능감과 집단효능감의 상호작용 37
• 제 3 장 개인수준의 효능감 변화에 대한 연구 41
• 제 1 절 집단 내 상호작용을 통한 개인특성의 변화에 대한 연구 41
• 1. 사회비교이론 42
• 2. 사회정체성이론 45
• 3. 사회적 정보 처리 47
• 4. 동조 49
• 5. 정서전염 54
• 제 2 절 개인의 효능감 변화에 대한 영향 요인 58
• 1. 집단 구성원이 개인의 효능감 변화에 미치는 영향 58
• 1.1 리더가 개인의 효능감 변화에 미치는 영향 61
• 1.2 동료가 개인의 효능감 변화에 미치는 영향 70
• 2. 과업 특성이 개인의 효능감 변화에 미치는 영향 76
• 3. 기타 개인의 효능감 변화에 미치는 영향 요인 78
• 제 4 장 연구의 설계 80
• 제 1 절 연구모형 수립 80
• 제 2 절 연구가설 수립 82
• 제 5 장 연구방법 및 결과 분석 96
• 제 1 절 연구방법 96
• 1. 연구조사 개요 96
• 2. 연구조사 방법 100
• 3. 변수의 조작적 정의와 측정 108
• 4. 변수의 신뢰성 분석 111
• 제 2 절 결과분석 113
• 1. 기초 통계 분석 113
• 2. 연구 가설 검증 115
• 제 6 장 연구의 결론 149
• 제 1 절 연구결과의 요약 및 논의 149
• 제 2 절 연구의 시사점 및 한계 156
• 참고문헌 160
• 부 록 190
• 국문초록 203
• Abstract 205

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