Where corporate funds have illegally flowed out of company without passing the procedure of income distribution pursuant to Commercial Act, it is necessary to impose a tax on the amounts flowed out in order to prevent tax evasion and achieve fairness ...
Where corporate funds have illegally flowed out of company without passing the procedure of income distribution pursuant to Commercial Act, it is necessary to impose a tax on the amounts flowed out in order to prevent tax evasion and achieve fairness in taxation.
Article 67 of the Corporate Tax Act("CTA") and Article 106 of Enforcement Decree of the Corporate Tax Act("EDCTA") provide that where the amount included in the gross income in determining or correcting the tax base of corporate tax of a company has flowed out, the amount shall be disposed of as bonus, dividends, or other income from the company to the persons, etc. to whom it accrues. Plus, Article 17, 20 and 21 of the Income Tax Act("ITA") state such amounts disposed of as dividends, bonus, or other income under the CTA as dividend income, earned income, or other incomes, respectively.
The system of income disposition authorizes tax authorities to levy income tax on the amounts illegally flowed out from company by embezzlement by executives or employees, etc., and has contributed to the prevention of tax evasion and achievement of fair taxation. However, the current system of income disposition has not a few problems. The problems and improvement thereof is as follows.
First, ITA does not stipulate that the amounts flowed out of company is subject to income tax, but it stipulates that "amounts disposed of as bonus, dividends, or other income under the Corporate Tax Act" is an object of income taxation, which has raised interpretation disputes such as whether income disposition under CTA generates an object of income taxation, when the liability to pay income taxes on deemed income following income disposition arises, and what the legal nature of notification on the change of income amount is, etc.. In addition, it is difficult to predict which are subject to income taxation as "amounts disposed of as bonus, dividends, or other income under the Corporate Tax Act" are deemed taxable. Moreover, as non-profit domestic corporations are not liable for corporate tax, the provisions of income disposition shall not apply to them, which leads to levying gift tax on the amount flowed out from the non-profit corporations. This is against equity in taxation as different tax types are imposed on the amounts of the same nature. Therefore, it is desirable that provisions of income disposition in CTA and ITA are deleted and the taxation on amounts flowed out of company are stipulated in ITA or Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act.
Second, as embezzlement of corporate funds is done in covert, it is difficult to expect that a company withholds tax on the amount flowed out, and it would be unfair to oblige the company, which has been already suffered from losses by embezzlement, to withhold tax on the said amount. Therefore, it is necessary to seek ways to exclude the amounts illegally flowed out of company by embezzlement from an object of the withholding tax.
Third, in case where a company recovers the amount flowed out of the company after tax authorities has imposed tax on the amount, if the tax authorities do not make adjustment to taxation which has been already imposed, this goes against the ability-to-pay principle. Therefore, it is necessary to draw up a measure to refund the tax amount imposed on the money flowed out of company when the corporation recovers the money.
Fourth, the Act for the Coordination of International Tax Affairs provides that where the amount included in gains in determining or correcting the tax base of a domestic corporation on the basis of the arm’s length price has not been returned by the foreign related party to a domestic corporation, and the foreign related party is a corporation in which the relevant domestic corporation invests, the amount shall be treated as the increase of investment in the foreign related party. However, it is illogical to adjust the amounts which will not be returned to the domestic corporation as the increase of investment. In addition, it is ineffective in preventing tax evasion through transfer pricing in transaction between related parties because the effect of income adjustment on the basis of the arm’s length price would be cancelled out. Moreover, it goes against fairness in taxation because where a domestic corporation shifts income to the foreign subsidiary through transactions between related parties, the said income is treated as reserves held by the company, while where domestic corporation shifts income to the domestic subsidiary, the said income is disposed of as other outflows. Therefore, it is required to take the amount included in gains on the basis of the arm’s length price as other income or other outflows when the amount is not returned to the domestic corporation by the foreign related party and the foreign related party is the subsidiary of the domestic corporation.