This study was conducted to brain-scientifically explain the components of self-directed learning and seek educational implications for effective self-directed learning. It is required to analyze the components of self-directed learning as well as its...
This study was conducted to brain-scientifically explain the components of self-directed learning and seek educational implications for effective self-directed learning. It is required to analyze the components of self-directed learning as well as its concepts for effective self-directed learning. The components of self-directed learning need to be examined from the brain-scientific perspective for the following three reasons; first, it can help to understand the factors that influence self-directed learning; secondly, it can help to understand each factor's roles in self-directed learning; and finally, it can propose a foundation for the right directions of self-directed learning.
In this study, the results of the previous studies as well as the literature on self-directed learning and the brain were gathered, analyzed, and discussed. The concepts and components of self-directed learning were analyzed, and the brain mechanism of each component was examined, and educational implications were proposed based on the brain-scientific understanding of the components of self-directed learning.
Generally, self-directed learning is defined as "a process in which the learners diagnose their learning levels with the control over their learning, set learning objectives, secure human and physical resources for learning, select appropriate learning strategies, and evaluate learning outcomes for themselves or through interactions with assistants in a learning situation." The brain-scientific definition of self-directed learning is "a process in which the individual learners set learning objectives appropriate for them, select appropriate learning strategies, and evaluate the learning outcomes by considering the diverse characteristics of the brain and according to their intellectual interest and learning preparedness."
Based on the concepts of self-directed learning, its components can be divided into learning strategies, learning motivation, self-perception, and learning environments. The greatest significance of its components is that effective self-directed learning can be possible only through the complex interactions among the factors rather than the fragmented learning according to the individuals' ability levels. In that sense, the general and brain-scientific meanings of its components were examined as follows:
First, learning strategies refer to mental manipulation activities to promote the acquisition, organization, storage, and utilization of information in order to solve learning tasks. The factors that directly influence learning strategies are the characteristics of the brain and learning styles. Individuals vary in terms of the brain structure and size and also the ways the nerve cells are connected inside the brain. Children develop their own unique learning styles genetically or within a few years from birth through learning experiences and processing of sensations from objects around. Unique learning styles are formed in individual children due to different interactive circuits among the cerebral cortex, the brain stem, and the limbic system in charge of emotional control.
Secondly, learning motivation refers to the force to control behaviors related to learning such as initiating learning, determining a direction, and deciding the continuity and intensity of learning. It is related to emotion based on the brain-scientific mechanisms. The motive doesn't mean emotion itself but plays an important role in connecting to emotion and the behaviors. The brain parts related of the motivation includes amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex.
Thirdly, self-perception concerns how an individual perceives him- or herself. Positive or negative self-perception determines an individual's behavioral direction. In the brain of children who have many successful experiences, serotonin, endorphin, and dopamine are produced and used in large amounts around the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex. As a result, they increase in confidence and efficiency of cognitive activities in the brain.
Fourthly, learning environments refer to everything that has physical and psychological impacts on both the students and the teachers in the school space where learning activities are developed. They are divided into physical and psychological environments. The brain-scientific theories that support the effects of a rich physical environment are the plasticity theory and the parallel distributed processing theory. A psychologically comfortable environment, the teachers' support, and relationships with peers affect a stable psychological environment.
Based on the brain-scientific understanding of the components of self-directed learning, the following suggestions were made for the right directions of self-directed learning:
First, there should be diverse learning strategies that consider the learners' characteristics. When implementing self-directed learning by considering children's brain hemispheres and learning styles, it generates greater effects. The children with a superior form of hemisphere should learn through movements or move from the whole to the parts to promote their understanding. For children who are weak in one of the auditory, visual, and tactile domains, the learning strategies employed should supplement it.
Secondly, self-directed learning can be promoted by inducing internal learning motivation, for which the teachers should first consider individual students' interest and learning readiness and select practical and experiential learning content to reflect it to their everyday lives. In addition, they need to make use of the students' prior knowledge and experiences to connect new knowledge to the existing cognitive structure in a meaningful fashion.
Thirdly, teachers should develop a positive self perception of self directed learning. In self directed learning, if teachers give proper compliments and meaningful feedbacks, their students would get the positive self perception. Positive self perception makes learners choose more challenging - leaning tasks and perform their tasks actively. Eventually, it will have a good impact on scholastic achievement.
Finally, teachers can give an opportunity for students to use their initiative and rightful autonomy through cooperative learning. It is essential to do cooperative learning in interacting and communicating with fellow students. That's why interplay promotes the development of learner's brain. Leaners can sophisticate and share information with others. As well, they can enhance their problem solving skills, decision-making skills, and creativity needed to achieve self directed learning.
The tendency for self-directed learning is one of the unique human characteristics. The period when students receive education in elementary and middle schools is particularly important because they develop the basis of self-directed learning to be manifested during adulthood. If they have experiences for self-directed learning at an early age, they will be able to advance the developmental level of their self-directed learning even further. Teachers need to understand the components of self-directed learning in a specific and scientific manner so that their students can effectively engage in self-directed learning based on a clear understanding of its concepts. The study, which was conducted to analyze its components based on the brain-scientific mechanisms and propose the right directions for self-directed learning, will hopefully make a contribution to self-directed learning that is currently prevalent in schools.