『孟子』의 浩然之氣 硏究

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This thesis deals with the vast-flowing spirit (浩然之氣) of the Book Mencius, with a focus on qi (氣). I propose the purpose of this study and the research model, and examine the research history related to "Haoran Chapter (浩然章)" at the beginning. In Chapter 2, I understand the era and thought of those days by looking into the life of Meng family. In Chapter 3, I examine the contents of the vast-flowing spirit (keeping the will in your mind (集義), going for it directly (直養) and courage; building oneself up (養氣)), and consider the emotional limitations and solutions to the vast-flowing spirit (浩然之氣). In Chapter 4, I argue about understanding the other's remarks through one's mind (知言). In Chapter 5, I consider the inner goal such as the unity of the Heaven and Human (天人合一) and the outer goal such as the essay of the sage (聖人論). And then, I argue about the ethical doctrine of innate goodness (性善說) with the extension of the vast-flowing sprit (浩然之氣) and the humane government with the manifestation of it. This Chapter 5 consists of four sections which form the outcome of the vast-flowing spirit.
The most important sense of Mencius' qi (氣) could be to give an ethical reason for human, an biological existence. Mencius changes qi (氣) from physical meaning to rational and ethical meaning that is the vast-flowing spirit (浩然之氣), by looking upon the leader for qi (氣) of the body filled with qi (氣) as the will (心志). He bears up well under any threat (威脅) during his life. He emphasizes human's morality (道德性) and cultivation of the vast-flowing spirit (浩然之氣) as its practical methodology.
Through the concept of qi (氣), he links the universal force (氣) to human's morality. It could reach heaven and earth (天地) because of the result connecting qi (氣) of nature with that of human. It could be said that a point of view about Mencius' qi (氣) is creatively expressed.
I understand that the vast-flowing spirit (浩然之氣) is not enough in its emotional parts due to giving emphasis to cultivation of inner and outer mind, and recognize them as its limitations. Therefore, I find out the way to get over them from Confucius.
If Mencius learns from the teaching of Confucius('It is from music that the finish is received'), he could actively cope with the political affairs, enlighten absolute monarchs with harmony, tenderness, and calmness from the completion in the music, manifest the ethical doctrine of innate goodness (性善說) and humane government, and then make the people be harmonized by humaneness (仁). Moreover, he could take things one step further to a stage of Confucius' flowing time(時中) (Mencius always tries to pursue and follow it to get over the limitations of the vast-flowing spirit (浩然之氣)). He could be perfected by music (成於樂), and then attain a stage of enjoying with observing the proprieties (遊於禮).
Mencius states paradoxically that criminals can reach a stage of the sage (聖人) by continuous cultivation. He insist that the way to the stage is only achieved by self cultivation and present the specific way to do. If someone knows that there is the human nature in one's mind and makes his/her imperturbable mind through the knowing remarks (知言) and the vast-flowing spirit (浩然之氣), he/she would be able to experience the condition of the unity of Heaven and Human (天人合一) by continuous cultivation and reach a stage of the sage that moral reformation influences others.
Because there is the human nature in one's mind and it is gifted from Heaven, one could know one's nature if living with conscious, and experience the stage of the unity of Heaven and Human (天人合一) after knowing God's will (天命) and practicing it. Besides, one could manage one's life of the unity of Heaven and Human (天人合一) united with qi (氣) of the universe (天地之氣) in one's body if fostering the vast-flowing spirit (浩然之氣) by continuous cultivation.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序論 = 1
• 1. 硏究 目的과 方法 = 1
• 2. 硏究史 = 3
• 3. 論文의 要旨表 = 8
• Ⅱ. 浩然之氣의 背景 = 9
• 1. 孟軻의 生涯 = 9
• Ⅲ. 浩然之氣의 分析 = 13
• 1. 浩然之氣 內容 = 13
• 2. 浩然之氣의 構成 = 20
• 1) 集義 = 20
• 2) 直養 = 23
• 3) 養氣 = 26
• 3. 浩然之氣의 限界와 克復方法 = 33
• Ⅳ. 知言과 浩然之氣 = 39
• Ⅴ. 浩然之氣의 結果 = 44
• 1. 浩然之氣의 內的目標 = 44
• 2. 浩然之氣의 外的目標 = 49
• 3. 浩然之氣의 擴張 : 性善說 = 54
• 4. 浩然之氣의 發現 : 王道政治 = 60
• Ⅵ. 結論 = 70
• 參考文獻 = 73
• ABSTRACT = 76