CCTV에 대한 인식과 지역적 환경요인이 범죄두려움에 미치는 영향 = Effects of Perception of CCTV and Local Environmental Factors on Fear of Crime

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study purports to understand affecting factors by applying main variables based on theories presented by preceding research in order to identify the relation between perception of CCTV and local environment and fear of crime, and to identify relations on whether CCTV presented by situational crime prevention theory performs surveillance affecting fear of crime, whether social capital theory describing non-official social control affects fear of crime, how the social and disorderly model affects fear of crime, and how daily life affects fear of crime. To do this, the author considered theories related to fear of crime, established a model based on the consideration, and to conducted a survey on citizens.
Based on the results of this study, this study is significant in (1) that effects of the CCTV factor on fear of crime and their degrees were concretely identified, (2) that concept of fear of crime was classified into general fear, concrete fear, and possibility of damage as an explanation to more embody the vague concept of fear of crime measured by the existing preceding research, (3) that effects of local environment and daily life on fear of crime were understood, and (4) that differences in fear of crime were identified based on socio-demographic characteristics.
Based on the results of this study, the author presented political measures of reduction in fear of crime by using CCTV as follows.
First, visibility should be secured and promotion of CCTV should be intensified. In order to secure visibility, there is a need to make a public announcement to citizens that certain areas are under surveillance via security CCTV. For this, cameras established must be exposed to be seen well. For securing visibility, cabinets of the cameras should be colored with transparent colors, and signs saying CCTV has been established should be prepared. Also, directional signs that clearly say the cameras are security CCTV along with objectives of establishment, places of establishment, and contact number of the person in charge should be established where they can be easily seen. Only then will citizens see themselves protected from crimes, reducing fear of crime.
As for intensification of promotion, establishment of security CCTV and its effects should be actively promoted by using neighborhood meetings, anti-crime visits, citizen police schools, public hearings, local newspapers (Kyocharo, etc.), and local broadcasting. Local governments or the police should make latent criminals perceive that the areas are well protected by security CCTV and that they risk arrest when they commit a crime, reducing fear of crime.
Second, appropriateness of places where CCTV is established should be considered. Based on the regression analysis in this study, appropriateness directly affected general fear, concrete fear, and possibility of damage from crimes. In order to reduce fear of crime, therefore, appropriateness of places for establishment should be considered via local security diagnoses from professional organizations before establishment by local governments or the police for an objective understanding of spaces in public places such as alleys, parks, playgrounds, and in and around schools where there is a higher fear of crime.
Third, the social capital of local communities should be expanded. Based on the results of this study, areas with higher perception factors of CCTV and non-official social control had lower fear of crime. Thus, social capital should be expanded in order to enhance non-official control. For expansion of social capital, intensification of social ties, activation of participation, and enhancement of trust are required. Mutual exchanges are needed to intensify social ties. Opportunities where residents can gather easily and various programs or meetings to attract their attention on their communities should be prepared. Unity of residents may be intensified by increasing mutual contacts via rallies or parties to strengthen unity and by presenting opportunities for ties or reconciliation among residents via neighborhood meetings, volunteer work, and autonomic activity of residents. Also, measures to activate public places such as footpaths, promenades, and playgrounds should be taken.
Participation of citizens in crime prevention activities should be activated. The most general form that citizens participate in local public security activities is self-defense. Self-defense activities are helpful not only in practical prevention and restraint of crimes but in intensification of ties and trust of local residents. Support of local residents is needed as a method to activate self-defense activities, such as interests, encouragement, contribution, and donations from communities. Local businesses, though they cannot directly participate in self-defense, may support it by providing places and goods; in cases where they cannot directly supply goods, they may issue vouchers to members who undergo self-defense activities. Meanwhile, local governments may support this by providing exemption of civil defense, rewards, accident insurance admission, and presentation of places for education. Furthermore, the broadening of scopes of community residents who participate is required. Programs should be developed to activate participation of females, the aged, and the young in security service activities. Also, those in their 20s who undergo self-defense activities for a certain period of time may be recognized with voluntary service points, which would be regarded as points partially added for interviews for recruiting police officers.
Fourth, community environments should be improved. According to the results of this study, as the perception of social and physical disorder as a local environmental factor grows, so does the fear of crime. In other words, fear of crime can be lowered if local disorder can be lowered. In differences in physical disorder based on establishment of CCTV, the result that groups that did not perceive CCTV answered that the physical disorder of their community was higher than groups that perceived CCTV may indicate that CCTV affects the physical disorder of a community. Indirectly, given that social and physical disorder of communities strongly affects fear of crime via the medium of daily life, there is a need to improve the local environment. For local government to improve physical disorder of communities, various projects and systems should be taken into consideration with which local residents can be induced to actively participate in methods to improve the physical environment or conditions that are necessary but neglected for them such as resident-participating projects for improving the environment and can be experienced as concrete output to improve their environment and to nurture local community spirit. Local disorder can be particularly reduced by improving illumination of dark, remote places. There is a need to apply the "broken window theory" to improved social disorder. Safety of local communities cannot be achieved without controlling rude behavior. Thus, the local police should handle local social disorder actively, promote to residents the recognition of the importance of compliance with norms to improve social disorder via continuous and active contacts with residents, and the improvement of local social disorder.
Fifth, there is a need to change behaviors in daily life. Individual citizens in daily life should not expose themselves to crimes in order to not to be the target of a crime. For this, citizens are essential in reducing the possibility and chances of damage by changing their types of behaviors or of life via restraint of going out all night, avoidance of dangerous places, or intensification of protection (such as going out with others at night). As for public and political measures there is a need to reduce fear of crime by selecting places where effectiveness of CCTV can be maximized or fear of crime can be reduced, establishing CCTV and illumination to facilitate restraint and prosecution of crimes, and maximizing functions of surveillance of crime opportunities to reduce fear of crime.
Sixth, locality should be considered before establishment of CCTV. According to the results of this study, more females than males and more married than unmarried had fear of crime and showed anticipation and a perception of CCTV, indicating that the local environment should be considered. With utilization of official statistical data of relevant communities, there is a need for a survey by using questionnaires and security diagnoses by experts in places where CCTV is to be established before the establishment (including whether there are victims of crimes--the results may be different from official experience of damage from crimes). Given that fear of crime about CCTV can be shown differently based on local characteristics, preliminary assessments should be conducted on communities where CCTV is to be established. Thus, a safety assessment of the local crime environment should be mandatory.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 서론 = 1
• 제1절 연구의 목적 = 1
• 제2절 연구의 범위 및 방법 = 5
• 1. 연구의 범위 = 5
• 2. 연구의 방법 = 8
• 제2장 연구의 이론적 배경 = 10
• 제1절 CCTV에 대한 논의 = 10
• 1. CCTV의 개념 = 10
• 2. CCTV의 기능 = 11
• 3. CCTV의 논의의 쟁점 = 17
• 제2절 범죄두려움에 대한 논의 = 18
• 1. 범죄두려움의 개념 = 18
• 2. 범죄두려움의 실태 = 21
• 3. 범죄두려움 측정에 대한 논의 = 23
• 제3절 CCTV와 범죄두려움에 관한 논의 = 24
• 1. 상황적 범죄예방이론 = 24
• 2. 사회적․물리적 무질서모형 = 29
• 3. 사회해체이론 및 사회자본이론 = 30
• 4. 통합적 접근 = 33
• 제4절 선행연구검토 = 34
• 1. 국내연구 = 34
• 2. 국외연구 = 42
• 제3장 연구의 조사설계 = 46
• 제1절 연구모형의 구성 및 가설의 설정 = 46
• 1. 연구모형 = 46
• 2. 가설설정 = 49
• 제2절 자료수집 = 50
• 제3절 변수의 조작적 정의 = 53
• 1. 독립변수 = 53
• 2. 매개변수 = 61
• 3. 종속변수 = 66
• 4. 인구사회학적 변수 = 70
• 5. 설문지 구성 = 72
• 제4절 분석방법 = 75
• 제4장 조사결과의 분석 및 논의 = 77
• 제1절 자료의 분석 = 77
• 1. 측정도구의 타당도 및 신뢰도분석 = 77
• 2. 조사대상자의 인구사회학적 특성 = 84
• 제2절 조사결과의 분석 = 87
• 1. 조사대상자의 특성에 따른 비공식적 사회통제, 일상생활, 범죄두려움의 차이분석 = 87
• 2. CCTV 인식에 따른 비공식적 사회통제, 일상생활, 범죄두려움의 차이분석 = 119
• 3. 지역적 환경에 따른 비공식적 사회통제, 일상생활, 범죄두려움의 차이분석 = 124
• 4. CCTV 인식이 비공식적 사회통제, 일상생활, 범죄두려움에 미치는 영향 = 126
• 5. 지역적 환경이 비공식적 사회통제, 일상생활, 범죄두려움에 미치는 영향 = 133
• 6. 매개변수와 종속변수간의 영향 = 138
• 7. 일반적 두려움과 구체적 두려움, 범죄 피해가능성에 대한 비교 = 143
• 8. 가설모형에 대한 경로분석 = 151
• 9. 분석결과 논의 = 162
• 제 5 장 결론 = 170
• 참고문헌 = 177
• ABSTRACT = 192