윤리적 리더십이 역할갈등, 직무스트레스 및 조직유효성에 미치는 영향

국문 초록 (Abstract)

최근 엔론(Enron), 월드컴(Worldcom) 등 미국에 기반을 둔 글로벌기업에서 발생한 회계부정으로 미국사회를 혼돈으로 몰고 가는 사건과 일본굴지의 한 식품회사가 광우병 발생지역에서 사육된 소의 원산지를 속인 채 이를 시중에 유통하였다가 적발되어 도산하는 사건도 발생되었다.
이러한 일련의 불미스러운 사건들의 배경에는 지난 수십 년간 미국, 일본을 비롯한 경제대국들이 주도한 성장일변도정책이 낳은 부작용이라고 볼 수 있으며 또 한편으로는 기업이 장기적으로 성장발전하기 위해서는 단순히 눈앞의 이윤추구만을 목적으로 해서는 안되며 도덕성, 투명성의 확보와 사회적 책임의 실천이 장기적으로 기업성장의 원동력이 된다는 사실을 일깨워 준 교훈이기도 하다.
이제는 소비자의 기업신뢰, 종업원의 자사신뢰는 곧 그 기업의 생산성향상으로 이어지고 이는 기업의 생존과 직결되는 문제이므로 어느 기업이거나 윤리적 경영 및 조직구성원의 윤리에 기반을 둔 행동들은 선택이 아닌 필수가 되고 있는 것이다. 이에 따라 각 기업들은 보다 근본적으로 기업에 속한 구성원들이 매사에 윤리에 기반을 두고 업무를 수행할 수 있도록 하기 위하여 관리자들이 윤리에 기반을 둔 리더십을 생활 속에서 실천할 것을 강조해 오고 있는 실정이다.
그 동안 윤리적 리더십에 대한 개념적 정의와 도덕적 리더십, 서번트 리더십 등 유사개념을 가진 리더십과의 이론적 차이 등에 관한 연구는 다수 이루어져 왔다. 또한 윤리적 리더십과 관련한 기존 논문의 경우 신뢰 또는 공정성지각을 매개변수로 사용한 경우가 대부분이었으나, 리더의 윤리적 리더십이 조직구성원의 역할갈등 인식을 통한 조직유효성에 미치는 영향에 관한 실증적 연구는 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 기업 내 관리자의 윤리관 내지는 윤리적 관리행동이 부하직원들의 직무역할에 대한 갈등, 직무스트레스, 그리고 직무만족, 직무몰입 등 조직유효성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대하여 집중 탐구하였다.
본 연구는 문헌연구와 실증연구를 병행하였는데 기존 문헌연구를 통하여 연구모형과 연구가설들이 설정되었으며 이를 바탕으로 하여 설문지를 구성하였다. 설문지는 주요기업들에 종사하는 약 1,200명의 종업원들을 대상으로 배포되었으며 이중에서 최종적으로 828명의 응답자료를 회수하여 자료를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 확인적 요인분석을 통하여 타당성 분석을 하였으며 크론바흐 알파값 검증을 통해 신뢰성 분석을 하였다. 또한 연구모형 및 연구가설의 검증을 위한 신뢰성분석을 목적으로 구조방정식 모형을 활용하였다. 타당성 분석과 신뢰성 분석결과는 본 연구에서 활용한 실증자료들이 연구에 적합한 것임을 확인시켜 주었으며, 연구모형 검증결과는 가설검증에 활용된 구조방정식 모형이 수용가능하고 또한 적합한 모형임을 보여주었다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.
첫째, 윤리적 리더십은 조직구성원들의 역할갈등에 부(-)의 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 조직구성원들의 역할갈등은 직무스트레스에는 정(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으며 직무만족, 직무몰입 등의 조직유효성에는 부(-)의 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 조직구성원들의 역할갈등은 윤리적 리더십과 직무스트레스와의 관계, 윤리적 리더십과 직무만족간의 관계, 윤리적 리더십과 직무몰입간의 관계에서 모두 부분매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In recent times, the accounting manipulation scandals from some global companies having their roots in America made American society in a chaotic state. And a major Japanese food company put in circulation beef products which were from the place of origin where mad cow disease happened and bankrupted in the last resort. The background of these scandalous incidents is a side effects of growth-driven policy led by economic giants such as America and Japan in last decades. These scandals gave a good lesson that secure morality and transparency, practice of social responsibility are important motive power of long-term growth of a company.
Nowadays, ethical management and ethics-based employee behavior are not an option but a mandatory matter to any company because customer’s corporate trust and employees’ trust of their own companies are directly related the survival of the companies. Therefore, it’s very important for the leaders in a company to practice the leadership based on ethics in order to make for employees to do their daily work keeping their footing on ethics.
Even though the study of verification about conceptual definition of ethical leadership and theoretical differences from similar leadership such as moral leadership, spiritual leadership, authentic leadership and servant leadership have been done a lot so far, the studies about the effect of ethical leadership to employees’ role conflict, job stress, and organizational effectiveness are insignificant.
Based on such problem, this study investigated the relationship between ethical leadership, role conflict of employees, job stress, and organizational effectiveness such as job satisfaction, job commitment.
On the basis of theoretical linkages between the constructs, a conceptual model and hypotheses were established. Thereafter, empirical data were collected by using a set of questionnaires. This survey was administered to 1,200 employees working in major firm in Korea. Out of them, 828 sampleswere collected and used for the analysis.
This study conducted a confirmatory factor analysis for the validity test and Cronbach’s alpha test for the reliability test. Moreover, structural equation modeling (SEM) was adopted to test the hypothesized relationships in the conceptual model. This study shows that the proposed model is reasonably fit to the actual data.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 서 론 1
• 제1절 문제제기 및 연구목적 1
• 제2절 연구범위 및 연구방법 3
• 제3절 논문의 구성 4
• 제2장 이론적 배경 5
• 제1절 윤리적 리더십 5
• 1. 윤리적 리더 5
• 2. 윤리적 리더십의 개념 7
• 3. 윤리적 리더십의 이론적 배경 8
• 4. 유사리더십과의 관계 11
• 5. 개인적 특성과 윤리적 리더십 16
• 6. 윤리적 리더십의 상황적 영향 25
• 7. 윤리적 리더십의 유효성 31
• 제2절 역할갈등 35
• 1. 역할이론 35
• 2. 역할갈등 36
• 3. 역할갈등에 관한 선행연구 38
• 제3절 직무스트레스 40
• 제4절 직무만족 45
• 제5절 직무몰입 48
• 제3장 연구설계 50
• 제1절 연구모형 50
• 제2절 연구가설 51
• 1. 윤리적 리더십과 조직구성원들의 역할갈등간의 관계 51
• 2. 역할갈등과 직무스트레스, 조직유효성간의 관계 55
• 3. 윤리적 리더십과 직무스트레스, 조직유효성간의 57
• 관계에 있어 역할갈등의 매개역할
• 제3절 자료분석방법 60
• 제4절 변수의 조작적 정의 및 측정 62
• 1. 윤리적 리더십 62
• 2. 역할갈등 62
• 3. 직무스트레스 63
• 4. 직무만족 64
• 5. 직무몰입 64
• 제5절 설문지 구성 및 자료 수집방법 65
• 제6절 자료 분석방법 68
• 제4장 실증연구결과 70
• 제1절 기초통계분석 70
• 제2절 타당성 및 신뢰성 분석 74
• 1. 타당성 및 신뢰성의 개념 74
• 2. 타당성 분석 77
• 3. 신뢰성 분석 85
• 제3절 연구결과 87
• 제5장 결 론 92
• 제1절 연구결과의 요약 92
• 제2절 연구의 시사점 95
• 제3절 연구의 한계 및 향후 연구방향 97
• 참고문헌 100
• 설문지 132
• ABSTRACT 139

참고문헌 (Reference)

1. Leadership, Burns, James MacGregor, Harper & Row, , 1900

2. Consequences, Robbins, , 1996

3. Work Motivation, Pinder, , 1984

4. Human motivation, Weiner, Bernard, Springer-Verlag, Human Motivation, , 1985

5. Managing Job Stress, Brief, M.V.Sell, R.S.Schuler, Managing job stress, , 1981

6. Can chameleons lead?, Day, Bedeian, , 2004

7. Managing the managers, Dalton, , 1955

8. Social learning theory, Bandura, Albert, Prentice Hall, Social learning theory, , 1977

9. The Motivation to Work, Herzberg, F., , 1959

10. Measuring role conflict, Gullahorn, , 1956

11. Organizations in action, Tompson, Organizations in action, , 1967

12. One mean renaissance man, Paul, , 1999

13. Managing workplace stress, Cartwright, Susan, Sage Publications, , 1997

14. Explorationsinroleanalysis, McEachern, Gross, , 1968

15. Analyzing multivariate data, Lattin, James M, Thomson Brooks/Cole, , 2003

16. Studies in Machiavellianism, Christie, Richard, Academic Press, , 1970

17. Leadership:Do traits matter?, Kirkpatrick, Locke, Leadership: Do traits matter?, , 1991

18. Power : the inner experience, McClelland, David C, Irvington Publishers : distributed by Halsted Press, , 1975

19. Power is the great motivator, Burnham, D.C, McClell, , 1976

20. Challenging Egoistic Paradigm, N.E.Bowie, , 1991

21. The Nature of Managerial Work, Minzberg, , 1973

22. Employee Organization Linkages, Mowday, R., Employee-organization linkages, , 1981

23. Fundamentals of Top Management, Davis, , 1951

24. Ethical dimensions of leadership, Kanungo, Rabindra Nath, Sage Publications, , 1996

25. Exchange and power in social life, Blau, Peter Michael, J. Wiley, Exchange and power in social life, , 1964

26. Recent development in role theory, Biddle, , 1986

27. Consequences of abusive supervision, Tepper.B.J, , 2000

28. Development in judging moral issues, Rest, James R, University of Minnesota press, Development in judging moral issues, , 1979

29. Leadership ethics : an introduction, Price, Terry L., Cambridge University Press, , 2008

30. Antisocial behavior in organizations, Giacalone, Robert A, Sage Publications, , 1997

31. Is job satisfaction u-shaped in age?, Oswald, Clark, Warr, , 1996

32. Lying The impact of decision context, Robertson, Ross, Lying: The impact of decision context, , 2000

33. Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.), Hair, J. F., Multivariate Data Analysis(6th ed.), , 2006

34. Bass& Stogdill'shandbook ofleadership, Bass, Bass & Stogdill’s handbook of leadership, , 1990

35. Leadership in Organizations (5th ed.), Yukl, G, Leadership in organizations (5th Ed.), , 2002

36. Ethics In the Workplace, Thousans Oaks, Johnson C.E, "Ethics In the Workplace, , 2007

37. Social behavior : its elementary forms, Homans, George Caspar, Harcourt, Brace & World, Social behavior: Its elementary forms, , 1961

38. OneMoreTime:How doyouMotivateEmployees?, Herzberg, One more time: How do you motivate employees?, , 1968

39. Toward a theory of spiritual leadership, Fry, , 2003

40. Citizenship behavior and social Exchange, Utsugi, Citizenship behavior and social exchange, , 1994

41. Social Foundations of Thought and Action, Bandura.A, Social foundations of thought and action, , 1986

42. Organizational risk factors for job stress, Sauter, Murphy, , 1995

43. The Self-Monitoring of Expressive Behavior, Snyder, The self-monitoring of expressive behavior, , 1974

44. Participation: A close look at its dynamics, Tjosvold, , 1987

45. Psychological stress and the coping process, Lazarus, Richard S, McGraw-Hill, Psychological stress and the coping process, , 1966

46. Role conflict and ambivalence in leadership, Seeman, , 1953

47. An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust, Roger, An integrative model of organizational trust, , 1995

48. Leadership and PerformanceBeyondExpectations, GultPublishing;B.M.Bass, Leadership and performance beyond expectations, , 1985

49. Charismatic leadership and workplace deviance, Trevino, Brown, , 2006

50. Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Reconsidered, Leslie M.Fine, Shepherd, , 1994

51. The foreman: master and victim of double talk, Roethlisberger, , 1965

52. Using LSIREL for structural equation modeling, Kelloway, , 1998

53. Development of a measure of workplace deviance, Robinson, Bennett, , 2000

54. Multifactor leadership questionnaire (2nd Ed.), Avolio, Bass, , 2000

55. Approaches to Organizational Culture and Ethics, Sinclair, , 1993

56. Employee satisfaction and your management style, Brewer, , 1998

57. Participation in Decision Making: One more look, Locke, Schweiger, , 1979

58. In C L Cooper and R. Payne (Eds.) Stress at Work, Harrison, , 1978

59. Organizational ethical Culture: Real or Imagined, Key, Organizational Ethical Culture Real or Imagined?, , 1999

60. The organizational bases of ethical work climates, J.Cullen, Victor, The organizational bases of ethical work climates, , 1988

61. 사회복지 실천가의 수행에 관한 연구, 조성우, , 2007

62. Ethical leadership: A review and future directions, Brown, Ethical leadership: A review and future directions, , 2006

63. Industrial administration in communist East Europe, Ditz, , 1959

64. Values and the American manager: An update updated, Posner, Schmidt, , 1992

65. A balance theory of Job design for stress reduction, Smith, Carayon-Saintfort, , 1989

66. Moral development : advances in research and theory, Rest, James R, Praeger, Moral development: Advances in research and theory, , 1986

67. Role ambiguity and anxiety in an occupational group, Paul W.Tliayer, Wispe, , 1957

68. Managing Workplace stress. A best practice blueprint, Cooper, Williams, , 2002

69. Moral reasoning in groups: Leaders make a difference, Nichols, Elm, Vollrath, Dukerich, , 1990

70. Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations, Lirtzman, Robert J.H, Rizzo, , 1970

71. Social cognitive theory of organizational management, Bandura, Wood, , 1989

72. Strategic leadership of ethical behavior in business, Schermerhorn, Dienhart, Thomas, , 2004

73. The front line: Satisfaction of classified employees, Bauer, , 2000

74. Transformational leaders in the hospitality industry, Hinkin, Tracy, Transformational leaders in the hospitality industry, , 1994

75. A structural model depicting salespeople's job stress, Sager, , 1994

76. The Social Scientific Study of Leadership: Quo Vadis?, House, R.N.Aditya, The social scientific study of leadership: Quo Vadis?, , 1997

77. Developing the moral component of authentic leadership, Chan, May, Avolio, , 2003

78. Marketing Control and Sales Force Customer Orientation, Schwepker, David J.Good, , 2004

79. Leader-member exchange quality and effectiveness ratings, Deluga, , 1998

80. The empowerment process: integration theory and practice, Conger, Lanungo, , 1988

81. LISREL 7: A guide to the program and application(2nd ed.), J?reskog, S?rbum, , 1989

82. Linking Groupthink to Unethical Behavior in Organizations, Sims, , 1992

83. Role, role conflict and effectiveness: an empirical study, Egon G.Guba, Getzels, "Role, , 1954

84. Boundary Role Ambiguity: Facets, Determinants, and Impacts, Singh, "Boundary role ambiguity: Facets, , 1993

85. Development of leader?member exchange: A longitudinal test, Green, Bauer, , 1996

86. Institutionalization of ethics: the perspective of managers, Jose, Thibodeaux, , 1999

87. Meeting the Ethical Challenges of Leadership, Thousans Oaks, Johnson C.E, "Meeting the Ethical Challenges of Leadership, , 2009

88. Models and helping: naturalistic studies in aiding behavior, Bryan, Test, , 1967

89. Postconventional Moral Thinking: a Neo-Kohlbergian approach, Bebeau, Rest, Thoma, Narvaez, , 1999

90. Managing to be Ethical: Debunking Five Business Ethics Myths, M.E.Brown, Trevino, , 2004

91. The Determinants of Salesperson Performance :A Meta-Analysis, Walker, , 1985

92. Ethical Marketing Decisions: The Higher Road, Needham Heights, Laczniak, Patrick E.Murphy, "Ethical Marketing Decisions: The Higher Road, , 1993

93. Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity, Snoek, Rosenthal, Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity, , 1964

94. Misbehavior in organizations: Theory, research, and management, Weitz, Vardi, "Misbehavior in organizations: Theory, , 2004

95. Some determinants of unethicaldecision behavior: An experiment, Sims Jr, H.P, Hegarty, , 1978

96. Somebody I look up to”: Ethical role models in organizations, Agle, Weaver, Trevino, , 2005

97. The ethics of charismatic leadership: submission or liberation, Howell, B.J.Avolio, The ethics of charismatic leadership: Submission or liberation, , 1993

98. Observation and rehearsal as determinants of prosocial behavior, Rosenhan, White, , 1967

99. Credibility : how leaders gain and lose it, why people demand it, Kouzes, James M., Jossey-Bass Publishers, "Credibility: How leaders gain and lose it, , 1993

100. Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership, Bono, Judge, , 2000

101. Generalizability of the vertical dyadlinkage model of leadership, George Graven, Liden, Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership, , 1980

102. Mentoring and organizational justice: An empirical investigation, ura, , 1997

103. A Moral Principles Framework for Human Resource Management Ethics, Schumann, , 2001

104. A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment,, Allen N. J. & Meyer J. P, A three-component conceptualization of organizational Commitment, , 1991

105. Leadership motivation pattern and long term success in management, Boyatzis, McClell, , 1982

106. Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review, Bono, IIies, Gerhardt, Judge, Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review, , 2002

107. Student affairs professionals’job satisfaction: A meta-analysis, Tseng, , 2003

108. Corporate ethical values and organizationalcommitment in marketing, Hunt, Corporate Ethical Values and Organizational Commitment in Marketing, , 1989

109. Managing the Ethical Climate of Customer-Contact Service Employees, Schwepker, Michael D.Hartline, , 2005

110. Measurement theory for the behavioral sciences. San Francisco: W.J, Ghiselli, Campbell, Zedeck, , 1981

111. Spiritual values and practices related to leadership effectiveness, Reave, , 2005

112. Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research and Application, Sage, Meyer, Allen, "Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, , 1997

113. Ethical Decision-Making in Business: Behavioral Issues and Concerns, Knouse, R.A.Giacalone, , 1992

114. Moral leadership and business ethics. In J. B. Ciulla (Ed.), Ethics, Gini, "Moral leadership and business ethics. In J. B. Ciulla (Ed.), , 1998

115. Occupational Stress In Salvendy, G. (Ed.) Handbook of Human Factors, Smith, "Occupational Stress In Salvendy, , 1987

116. Ethics, character and authentic transformational leadership behavior, Bass, Steidmeier, "Ethics, , 1999

117. Motivating Employees to Act Ethically: An Expectancy Theory Approach, Fudge, R. S, J.L.Schlacter, Fudege, , 1999

118. Worker’s participation in management: An international perspective, Strauss, , 1982

119. Factors affecting job satisfaction among ordained Presbyterian clergy, Jones, , 2001

120. A Longitudinal Studyon The Early Development of Leader-Member Exchange, Stilwell, Liden, , 1993

121. AA mate-analysis of the correlates of role conflict and role ambiguity, Gitelson, Fisher, , 1983

122. Full leadership development: Building the vita forces in organizations, Avolio, , 1999

123. Moral intensity and ethical decision-making of marketing professionals, Vitell, Kraft, Singhapakdi, , 1996

124. The impact of moral intensity on decision making in a business context, Frey, , 2000

125. Factors that influenced satisfaction for student affairs administrators, Anderson, Guide-Diorite.F, Morrell, , 2000

126. Shared values make a difference: An empirical test of corporate culture, Schmidt, W.H., Posner, B.Z., Kouzes, J .M., , 1985

127. Abusive supervision and subordinates'organizational citizenship behavior, Duffy, Zellars, Abusive supervision and subordinates' organizational citizenship behavior, , 2002

128. Antecedents of counterproductive behavior at work: A general perspective, Schuler, Marcus, , 2004

129. Representing the Perceived Ethical Work Climateamong Marketing Employees, Babin, , 2000

130. Sex differences in the development of moral reasoning: A critical review, Walker, , 1985

131. The two faces of transformational leadership: Empowerment and dependency, Chen, Kark, Shamir B, , 2003

132. A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in questionnaires, Hinkin, , 1998

133. Changing toward participative management approaches: A method and methods, Sashkin, , 1976

134. Consistency of implications of three role stressors across four Countries, Glazer, Beerh, , 2005

135. Improving Organizational EffectivenessThrough Transformational Leadership, B.J.Avolio, Bass, Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership, , 1994

136. Public appearances, private realities : the psychology of self-monitoring, Snyder, Mark, W.H. Freeman, , 1987

137. The Relationship of Role Conflict and Ambiguity to Organizational Culture, Michael D.Class, Velde, , 1996

138. The Role of Procedural andDistributive Justice in Organizational Behavior, Ruderman, Alexsander, The role of procedural and distributive justice in organizational behavior, , 1987

139. The Social effects of punishment in organizations : A justice perspective, Trevino, The social effects of punishment in organizations: A justice perspective, , 1992

140. A role and expectancy perception model of participation in decision making, Schuler, , 1980

141. Job satisfaction among employee assistance professionals: A national study, Fortuen, Sweeney, Hohenshil, , 2002

142. Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (4th Ed.), Trevino, Nelson, , 2007

143. Managing ethics in business organizations : social scientific perspectives, Trevino, Linda Klebe, Stanford Business Books, , 2003

144. Perceived integrity of transformational leaders in organizational settings, Parry, Proctor-Thomson, , 2002

145. A typology of deviant workplacebehaviors: A multi-dimensional scaling study, Bennett, Robinson, A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multi-dimensional scaling study, , 1995

146. Employee involvement : methods for improving performance and work attitudes, Cotton, John L, SAGE Publications, Employee involvement. Methods for improving performance and work attitudes, , 1993

147. Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice, Chichester, Spector, "Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Research and Practice, , 1996

148. Role stress and propensity to leave among new student affairs professionals, Ward, , 1995

149. Correlates of Salespeople’s Ethical Conflict: An Exploratory Investigation, Thomas N.Ingram, Dubinsky, , 1984

150. Organizational Behavior. Understanding and managing people at work (2nd Ed.), Bedner, White, , 1991

151. Consequences of Role Conflict and Ambiguity Experienced by Retail Salespeople, Bruce E.Mattson, Dubinsky, , 1979

152. Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias, James, Wolf, , 1984

153. Perceived Managerial Discretion: An Analysis of Individual Ethical Intentions, Key, , 2002

154. Role-making processes within complex organizations. In M.D. Dunnette (Ed.), ), Graen, "Role-making processes within complex organizations. In M.D. Dunnette (Ed.), , 1976

155. A Contingency Framework For Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing, Ferrel, Larry G.Gresham, A Contingency Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing, , 1985

156. Ethics Code Awareness, Perceived Ethical Values, and Organizational Commitment, Valentine, Tim Barnett, "Ethics Code Awareness, , 2003

157. The Leadership Challenge:How to Get Extraordinary Things Done in Organizations, 홍성희, The leadership challenge: How to get extraordinary things done in organizations, , 1987

158. Analysis of Role Conflictand Role Ambiguity in a Structural Equations Framework, Netemeyer, , 1990

159. Vertical exchanges and organizational commitments of American business managers, Nystrom, , 1990

160. Describing and testing a moderator of the moral judgment and action relationship, Davison,M.L., Rest, Thoma, , 1991

161. Goal ambiguity and conflicting standards: approach to the study of organizations, Frank, , 1958

162. The Effect of Perceived Ethical Climate on the Search for Sales Force Excellence, Terry W.Loe, Weeks, Kirk Wakefield, , 2004

163. The effect of leader moral development on ethical climate and employee attitudes, Ambrose, Neubaum, Schminke, , 2005

164. A Study of Role Conflict among Foremen in a Heavy Industry. Doctoral dissertation, Charters, , 1952

165. Bad apples in bad barrels : A causal analysis of ethical decision-making behavior, Youngblood, Trevino, Bad apples in bad barrels: A causal analysis of ethical decision-making behavior, , 1990

166. Building houses on rocks: The role of the ethical infrastructure in organizations, Umphress, Smith-Crowe, Tenbrunsel, , 2003

167. Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-situation Interactionist Model, Trevino, Ethical decision making in organizations: A person- situation interactionist model, , 1986

168. The Effects of Ethical Climates onOrganizational Commitment: A Two-study Analysis, Victor, Parboteeah, The effects of ethical climates on organizational commitment: A two-study analysis, , 2003

169. Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-contingent Model, Jones, Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue contingent model, , 1991

170. Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences, Thousand Oaks, Spector, "Job Satisfaction: Application, , 1997

171. compliance, Identification, and Internalization:Three Processes of Attitude Change, Kelman, "Compliance, , 1958

172. Organizational stress : a review and critique of theory, research, and applications, Cooper, Cary L, Sage, "Organizational Stress: A Review and Critique of Theory, , 2001

173. Ethicalleadership: A social learning perspective for constructdevelopmentand testing, Brown, Harrison, Trevi?o, , 2005

174. The ethical context in organizations: Influences on employee attitudes and behaviors, Trevino, McCabe, Butterfieldm, , 1998

175. A 1976 theory of charismatic leadership. In J. G. Charismatic leadership (pp. 213?36), House, , 1977

176. Meta-analytic review ofleader-member exchange theory: Correlates and construct issues, D.V.Day, Gerstner, , 1997

177. Supervisory Behavior, Role Stress, and the Job Satisfaction of Industrial Salespeople, Teas, , 1983

178. Role Conflict and Ambiguity as a Function of the Task-Structure-Technology Interaction, Schuler, , 1977

179. Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice, Ferrin, Kurt, Trust in leadership: Meta-Analytic Findings and implications for research and practice, , 2000

180. The Influence of Ethical Climate and Ethical Conflict on Role Stress in the Sales Force, Thomas N.Ingram, Schwepker, , 1997

181. The relationship between importance and achievement of work values and job satisfaction, Knoop, , 1994

182. Motivation theory and industrial and organizational psychology. In (2nd ed., pp. 75?170), Kanfer, "Motivation theory and industrial and organizational psychology. In (2nd ed., , 1990

183. Recommendations for APA test standards regardingconstruct trait, or discriminant validity, Campbell, "Recommendations for APA test standards regarding construct, , 1960

184. The impact of individual differences on MAS personnel satisfaction and turnover intention, Rasch, Harrell, , 1989

185. Measurement of human service staff satisfaction:Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey, Spector, , 1985

186. Moral person and moral manager: How executives develop a reputation for ethical leadership, Hartman, Brown, Trevi?o, Moral person and moral manager: How executives develop a reputation for ethical leadership, , 2000

187. The effects of clear and unclear role expectations on group productivity and defensiveness, Smith, , 1957

188. National business ethics survey: How employees view ethics in their organizations 1994?2005, Ethics Resource Center, , 2005

189. Organizational Determinants of the Industrial Salesman’s Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity, Walker, Neil M.Ford, Gilbert A.Churchill, , 1975

190. Participative decision making: A model, literature critique, and prescriptions for research, Lowin, "Participative decision making: A model, , 1968

191. State and sequence: The cognitive-development approach to socialization. In D. Goslin (Ed.), Kohlberg, , 1969

192. Work design, role conflict, and role ambiguity: The case of elementary and secondary schools, Bacharach, Bamberger, Mitchell, "Work design, , 1990

193. Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory measurement, and establishing a baseline, Fry, Vitucci, Cedillo, "Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, , 2005

194. Organizational Values and Role Stress as Determinants of Customer-oriented Selling Performance, S.Skinner, R.Dahlstrom, Flaherty, , 1999

195. The Effect of Organizational Culture and Ethical Orientation on Accountants' Ethical Judgments, Douglas, R.A.Davidson, B.N.Schwartz, , 2001

196. The moderating effect of different forms of commitment on role ambiguity-job tension relations, Irving, Coleman, , 2003

197. Occupational stress and self reliance: developmental and research issues. In Jack Dunham (Eds.), Quick J, CampbellQuick, , 2001

198. Personality and charisma in the U.S. presidency: A psychological theory of leader effectiveness, House, Woycke, Personality and charisma in the US Presidency: A psychological theory of leader effectiveness, , 1991

199. The Effects ofLeader-Member Exchange on Employee Citizenship and Impression Management Behavior, Waynes.S.J.and S.A.Green, The effects of leader-member exchange on employee citizenship and impression management behavior, , 1993

200. The relationship of job satisfaction to role ambiguity and role conflict among school counselors, Violanti, , 2004

201. Role conflict and role ambiguity: Integration of the literature and directions of future research, Schuler, Brief, Van Sell, , 1981

202. Counterproductive behaviors at work. In N. Anderson, D. Ones, H. Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), DeVore, Sackett, "Counterproductive behaviors at work. In N. Anderson, , 2001

203. Situational structure, self esteem, and threat-oriented reactions to power. In D. Cartwright (ed.), Cohen, "Situational structure, , 1959

204. Women high school principals: Perspectives on role conflict, role commitment, and job satisfaction, Eckman, "Women high school principals: Perspectives on role conflict, , 2002

205. Exploratory and confirmatory tests of the big five and Tellegen's three-and-four dimensional models, Burke, Church, , 1994

206. Self-concordance at Work: Toward Understanding the Motivational Effects of Transformational Leaders, Timothy A.Judge, Bono, Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders, , 2003

207. The moderating effects of organizational commitment on burnout in information systems professionals, Sethi, King, , 1997

208. An exploratory investigation of the relationshipbetween ethical conflict and salesperson performance, Schwepker, , 2003

209. Discriminant validity of measures of job satisfaction, positive affectivity and negative affectivity, Price, Mueller, Agho, "Discriminant validity of measures of job satisfaction, , 1992

210. Fairnessperceptionsandtrustasmediatorsfortransformationalandtransactionalleadership:A twosamplestudy, Pillai, Williams, Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational and transactional leadership: A two-sample study, , 1999

211. The General Theory of Marketing Ethics: A Retrospective and Revision, in J. Quelch and C. Smith (eds, Scott J.V, "The General Theory of Marketing Ethics: A Retrospective and Revision, , 1992

212. Determinants of Ethical Decision Making: The Relationship of the Perceived Organizational Environment, Keon, T.L., Sims, , 1999

213. Moderating effects of initial leader-member exchange status on the effects of leadership intervention, ura, Grean, , 1984

214. The social implications of punishing unethical behavior : Observers' cognitive and affective reactions, Trevino, Ball, , 1992

215. A meta-analysis and conceptual critique of research on role ambiguity and role conflict in work settings, Jackson, Schuler, , 1985

216. Antecedents, Consequences and MediatingEffects of Perceived Moral Intensity and Personal MoralPhilosophies, Singhapakdi, "Antecedents, , 1999

217. A study of factors that contribute to job satisfaction and role congruence for community college counselors, Coll, , 1989

218. Antecedents andConsequences of Salesperson Job Satisfaction : Meta-Analysis andAssessment of Causal Effects, Steven P.Brown, , 1993

219. Corporate ethics programs as control systems : Influences of executive commitment and environmental factors, Weaver, Cochran, Trevino, Corporate ethics programs as control systems: Influences of executive commitment and environmental factors, , 1999

220. Career stage ad a moderator of performance relationships with facets of job satisfaction and role perceptions, Stump, Rabinowitz, , 1981

221. The relationship between ethical conflict, organizational commitmentand turnover intentions in the salesforce, Schwepker, "The Relationship between Ethical Conflict, , 1999

222. Ethical Climate’s Relationship to Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Turnover in the Sales Force, Schwepker, "Ethical Climate’s Relationship to Job Satisfaction, , 2001

223. Occupational sources of stress: a review of literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental Ill health, Cooper, Marshall, Cooper, C.L., , 1976

224. Do moral education programs facilitate moral judgment? A meta-analysis of studies using the Defining Issues Test, Thoma, , 1984

225. Leading from within : The effects of emotion recognition and personality on transformational leadership behavior, Munz, Rubin, Brommer, Leading from within: The effects of emotion recognition and personality on transformational leadership behavior, , 2006

226. Repetitive Work: Pccupational stress and health. In CL Cooper and MJ Smith (Eds) Job Stress and Blue Collar Work, Cox T, , 1985

227. Ethical Correlates of Role Conflict and Ambiguity in Marketing: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Moral Development, Rene Desborde, , 1997

228. Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. (Tech. Rep. ASD-TR-61-97). Lackland Air Force Base, TX: U.S, Tupes, Christal, "Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. (Tech. Rep. ASD-TR-61-97). Lackland Air Force Base, , 1961

229. Managers asInitiators of Trust: An Exchange Relationship Framework for UnderstandingManagerial Trustworthy Behavior, Whitner E.M, Susan E.Brodt, Werner J.M, Managers as initiators of trust: An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior, , 1998

230. Role modeling and ethical leadership. Paper presented at the 2006 Academy of Management Annual Meeting. Atlanta, GA, Brown, Trevino, "Role modeling and ethical leadership. Paper presented at the 2006 Academy of Management Annual Meeting. Atlanta, , 2006

231. Two faces of charisma: Socialized and personalized leadership in organizations. In J. A. Conger & R.N. Kanungo (Eds, Howell, , 1988

232. Misrepresentation and expectations of misrepresentation in an ethical dilemma: The role of incentives and temptation, Tenbrunsel, , 1998

233. EffectivenessCorrelates of Transformational and Transactional Leadership: AMeta-Analytic Review of the MLQ Literature, N.Sivasubramaniam, Lowe, Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature, , 1996

234. The Foundations of Business Ethics: Exploring the Relationship Between organization Culture, Moral Values and Actions, Stoner, "The Foundations of Business Ethics: Exploring the Relationship Between organization Culture, , 1989

235. Latent roots of random data correlation matrices with squared multiple correlations on the diagonal: A Monte Carlo study, Montanelli, Humphreys, , 1976

236. The use of discipline in organizational settings: A framework for future research. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Jones, Arvey, , 1985

237. Re-examining the Componentsof Transformational and Transactional Leadership using theMultifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Avolio, Jung, Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership questionnaire, , 1999

238. Power relinquishment versus power sharing: Theoretical clarification andempirical comparison of delegation and participation, Leana, , 1987

239. Alternative ways of assessing model Wt. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136?162), Brown, Cudeck, "Alternative ways of assessing model Wt. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), , 1993

240. The role of moral intensity in ethical decision making: A review and investigation or moral recognition, evaluation and intention, May, Pauli, "The role of moral intensity in ethical decision making: A review and investigation or moral recognition, , 2002

241. Jackson and Schuler (1985) Revisited: A Meta-Analysis of the Relationships Between Role Ambiguity, Role Conflict, and Job Performance, Turbe, Judith M.Collins, "Jackson and Schuler (1985) revisited: A meta-analysis of the relationships between role ambiguity, , 2000

242. Organizationalcitizenship behaviors : A critical review of the theoreticaland empirical literature and suggestions for future research, Posdakoff, Bachrach, Paine, Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research, , 2000

243. A comparison of faculty role ambiguity and role conflict at freestanding and component community and technical colleges in West Virginia, Hamilton, , 2002

244. Effects of Manipulated Job stressors and Job Attitude on Perceived Job Conditions: A Simulation. In Sauter, S. L. and Murphy, L. R. (Eds), Jex, Spector, Chen, "Effects of Manipulated Job stressors and Job Attitude on Perceived Job Conditions: A Simulation. In Sauter, , 1995

245. The impact of individual and job characteristics on burnout among civil engineers in Australia and the implications for employee turnover, Lingard, , 2003

246. Job satisfaction as a mediator of the relationship between role stressors and organizational commitment. A study from an Arabic perspective, Yousef, , 2002

247. 서비스 종업원 조직시민행위의 사회교환론적 선행변수와 서비스관계품질에 관한 연구; 종업원 분석 수준, 윤만희, , 2000

248. Do Organizational Practices Matter in Role Stress Processes? A Study of Direct and Moderating Effects for Marketing-Oriented Boundary Spanners, Gary K.Rhoads, Singh, , 1996

249. Authentic leadership: A positive development approach. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R.E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive Organizational Scholarship, Luthans, Avolio, "Authentic leadership: A positive development approach. In K. S. Cameron, , 2003

250. Measuring the Importance of Ethical Situations as a Source of Role Conflict: A Survey of Salespeople, Sales Managers, and Sales Support Personnel, J.J.Burnett, Chonko, "Measuring the Importance of Ethical Situations as a Source of Role Conflict: A Survey of Salespeople, , 1983

251. A theory and measure of ethical climate in organizations. In W. C. Frederick (Ed.), Research in corporate social performance and policy (pp. 51?1), Victor, Cullen, "A theory and measure of ethical climate in organizations. In W. C. Frederick (Ed.), , 1987

252. A cultural perspective on changing organizational ethics. In R. Woodman & Passmore (Eds.), Research in organizational change and development (pp. 195?30), Trevino, "A cultural perspective on changing organizational ethics. In R. Woodman & Passmore (Eds.), , 1990

253. The Influence of Cognitive and Affective Based Job Satisfaction Measures on the Relationship Between Satisfaction and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Moorman, , 1993

254. Transformational Leadership, TransactionalLeadership, Locus of Control, and Support for Innovation: Key Predictors ofConsolidated-Business-Unit Performance, B.J.Avolio, Howell, "Transformational leadership, , 1993

255. Virginiacommunity college counselors: Making transitions and assuming new roles in the changing Virginia community college system. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Terrell, , 2001

256. A study to examine perceived role ambiguity, role conflict, participation in decision making, ability and job satisfaction among intellectual property licensing professionals, Torressen, Albert Michael, New York University, "A study to examine perceived role ambiguity, , 2000

257. Striking a Balance in Boundary-Spanning Positions: An Investigation of Some Unconventional Influences of Role Stressors and Job Characteristics on Job Outcomes of Salespeople, Singh, , 1998

258. Interpersonal trust and attitudes toward human nature. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes(pp. 373?412), Wrightsman, "Interpersonal trust and attitudes toward human nature. In J. P. Robinson, , 1991

259. Where Do We Go From Here? Selected Conceptual and Empirical Issues Concerning the Motivation and Performance of the Industrial Sales force, In Critical Issues in Sales Management: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Needs, N.M.Ford, G.A.Churchill, Walker, "Where Do We Go From Here? Selected Conceptual and Empirical Issues Concerning the Motivation and Performance of the Industrial Sales force, , 1979

260. Ethical Leadership and the Psychology of Decision Making. in Research in Ethical Issues in Organizations, Volume 3, The Next Phase of Business Ethics: Integrating Psychology and Ethic., John Dienhart, Dennis Moberg, and Ron Duska, eds, Messick, Max H.Bazerman, "Ethical Leadership and the Psychology of Decision Making. in Research in Ethical Issues in Organizations, , 2001