This study started from the perspective that to implement urban regeneration projects which recently attract public attention, the urban regeneration strategy must be established under the critical mind on regional disparity. This perspective can be c...
This study started from the perspective that to implement urban regeneration projects which recently attract public attention, the urban regeneration strategy must be established under the critical mind on regional disparity. This perspective can be considered much greater importance for us who implemented growth pole development policy to maximize efficiency.
Under this critical mind, to implement urban regeneration projects which reflects diversified urban and regional characteristics, this study was proceeded for the purpose of classifying cities by analyzing characteristics of population and households, social and economy, lands, and settlement environment, and secondly, of diagnosing city classification characteristics, declining characteristics by classification and areas in concern among nation wide 168 subject cities.
To achieve these objectives, 39 urban characteristic indices of 4 categories were deduced based on the indices selected from existing researches and factor analysis and cluster analysis were conducted using indices. As a result of factor analysis, total 7 comprehensive characteristics were extracted and considering factor characteristics, variables were conceptualized by designating first factor as dense residential character, second factor as secondary sector of industry concentration, third factor as center character, fourth factor as urban growth character, fifth factor as agriculture production character, sixth factor as residential density character and commercial density character.
The principal component scores obtained from factor analysis were used as new variables for cluster analysis. As a result of cluster analysis, it was confirmed that through analysis of variance, city classifications made by dismissing Null hypothesis, which alleged that there was no difference among the groups, at significant level of 0.05 were different among each other. In the meantime, classified city classification was divided into total 6 city classifications such as primary sector of industry-oriented city type (classification 1), employment-oriented city type (classification 2), underdevelopment region type (classification 3), secondary sector of industry-oriented city type (classification 4), region in recession type (classification 5) and agriculture production-oriented region type (classification 6).
And to deduce declining characteristics, by selecting 4 indices representing each economic decline, social decline and physical decline and by summed up using Z-score formula, decline indices and comprehensive decline indices per area were calculated. Based on calculated decline indices, ranking for 168 nation wide district and cities were designated and using mean and standard deviation, were classified to 4 sectors as sector Ⅰ (μ+σ~), sector Ⅱ (μ~μ+σ), sector Ⅲ (μ-σ~μ), and sector Ⅳ (~μ-σ). Among them, sector Ⅲ was separated as decline sector and decline cities by classification were identified and regions in concern were diagnosed.
As results of analysis, there were no city representing decline phenomenon in classification 1 and classification I2, which are most of them are metropolitan area. As in classification 4 which is secondary sector of industry-oriented type, appeared only one city of Muan-gun, it showed that city decline was not caused by the problems of metropolitan area or center area of the city but seriously caused by regional disparity provoked by the growth pole development policy. However, since current urban regeneration strategy is focusing mostly on the cities in the classification 1 and classification 2, it represents that the measures for the cities in classification 3 to classification 6 are urgently needed. In addition, since the cities in the classification 3 to classification 6 are mostly provincial medium and small size of cities, it is estimated that as urban regeneration might not be achieved independently for lack of local government's financial capability and restriction of feasibility, it would require active public support by central government.
As classification 3 is the area which economic, social and physical decline effects occur comprehensively, it requires to establish urban regeneration strategy through development of new growth power. Although classification 5 is service-oriented city type such as tourism and entertainment, the most of the cities are representing recession because regional growth effects by the tourism and entertainment industries are weak. Therefore, it requires urban regeneration measures using excellent natural environment and tourism resources. The classification 6 is the typical cities in the agriculture zone and lost its vitality from declining of primary sector of industry by the process of industrialization. Since this area has relatively good physical condition, to promote social and economic restoration, it requires political measures against declined primary sector of industry such as information, upgrading quality and differentiation, etc.
Although declining aspects deduced by this study appeared a little bit differently as reviewed, correlation among social, economic and physical declines represent significantly high. Therefore, direction for urban regeneration have to be established by comprehensive restoration measures.