Elderly women are emerging as the important subject in social welfare field who has experiencing both sexism and ageism which are exposed to accumulated jeopardy at their later life. By focusing on the employment experiences of pre-elderly women as an...
Elderly women are emerging as the important subject in social welfare field who has experiencing both sexism and ageism which are exposed to accumulated jeopardy at their later life. By focusing on the employment experiences of pre-elderly women as an essential life event to fulfill their self-realization and economical independence, this study intends to provide the basic materials for the effective employment support policies impending aged society in Korea.
In the case of developed countries, the percentage of women aged 50 or above participating in economic activities is on the rise because of long life expectancy, retirement of husband, and other financial difficulties. Compared to other OECD countries, the number of senior women aged 60 or above engaging in economical activities is particularly high in Korea. In this society that lacks public social security system for senior, poverty among senior women is a serious problem.
Moreover, as the aging society emerges in Korea, pre-elderly women who are currently in their 50s will pose a serious social problem as destitution among elderly women spreads. Despite such eminent threats, studies in relation to employment of pre-elderly and elderly women are virtually nonexistent.
In order to depict the experiences of pre-elderly women in employment, emic perspective, a phenomenological qualitative method has been adopted. In particular, Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological qualitative method was used. This is a useful method with a solid structure built with in-depth interviews of the participants, analysis of data, and thick description by participants, which reveal the personal experiences of the participants in detail and vividly.
The investigation commenced with the question "What is the meaning of employment experience of pre-elderly women in their lives?" By gathering primary resources such as results of in-depth interviews, the main research was carried out between December 2008 and March 2009. Each in-depth interview was made at least twice for saturation and it took about an hour and a half to three hours each time.
As a result of analysis, the first constituent of employment experiences of pre-elderly women is <seeking means of living during the later stages of life>. This embodies the characteristics of labor provided by pre-elderly women during job seeking period. Sub-constituents of this could be seen as ‘determined to find a job out of desperation for living difficulties’, ‘continued endeavor within perimeters of one’s living environment’, ‘grasping the realities of labor market through using various services’.
The second constituent is <maintaining the occupation through habituated diligence and sincerity>. This indicates the characteristics exhibited by pre-elderly women during employment period. There are two sub-constituents, ‘working faithfully with diligence attained after years of housework’ and ‘feeling strong attachment towards one’s occupation which was attained despite the difficulties and challenges’.
Thirdly, <Overcoming ageism and enduring hardships in employment> is another constituent. As an employee in an irregular position, pre-elderly women are forced to endure discrimination based on sex and age in order to maintain their employment. Five sub-constituents can be accounted for this; ‘experiencing ruthless discriminations and age-limits against pre-elderly women in workforce’, ‘encountering an unexpected and bitter failure in the first position held’, ‘enduring hardships and instabilities in employment’, ‘managing harsh physical labor’ and ‘experiencing conflicts with co-workers’. Yet, bearing the instabilities and hard labors of a low-waging job eventually allows pre-elderly women to ‘survive’ in labor market.
The fourth constituent is <learning and responding realistically with wisdom earned from years as a housekeeper>, which is the main coping mechanism for pre-elderly women in workforces. The four sub-constituents are as follows: ‘accepting limitations as a pre-elderly housekeeper and using it to one’s advantage in the workforce’ ‘acknowledging and tolerating the generation gap’, ‘swallowing one’s pride while responding to situations at work’, ‘attaining wisdom to react sensibly towards disadvantages due to ageism’.
The fifth constituent <Accepting the role in burdens and fruitfulness as a employed housewife> exhibits the basic attitudes of pre-elderly women who balance their work and family. ‘Disappointment in oneself as one becomes more lethargic as one gets older’, ‘having nowhere to depend on due to continuing financial difficulties’, ‘being burdened with responsibilities of both their children and their parents’, ‘lessening the burden of various roles by dividing the roles with other family members’, and ‘becoming encouraged by the support of the family’ are the sub-constituents.
The sixth constituent comprises of <leading a life as a dignified, benevolent elder>. This summarizes the meaning of work experiences for pre-elderly women. Being employed signifies that one can: ‘take care of one’s own living expenses’, ‘feel that one’s existence is useful and meaningful’, and that one can ‘expect independence and warmth in one’s senior years’.
As to the question of what the employment experience for pre-elderly women means, it could be answered as the following: “It is a new opportunity to take responsibility of one’s livings, as well as the chance to live a benevolent and fruitful life”
Therefore, theoretical implications of this research could be stated as follows: Firstly, from this study, it could be observed that experiences as a housekeeper significantly influence their attachment to labor market. In this study, the trait of housewife was deduced as 'skilled labor' which is a mixture of diligence, empathy, and wisdom. On the other hand, unlike their contemporaries in western societies, pre-elderly women in Korea display strong domesticity that have been influenced by Confucian traditions. A further study needs to be continued on how such conflicting characteristics of strong market attachment and domesticity are promoted or limited in labor market conducted by pre-elderly women.
The practical implication indicates that pre-elderly women focused policy needs to incorporate the life characteristics of them. In order to enable them to balance work and family life, community-based service should be provided for free or for a small fee.
The policy implication points out that more jobs are required to meet the increasing demand of pre-elderly women. Furthermore, a structured vocational training for pre-elderly is needed, as well as altering irregular job positions to more secure ones. Lastly, support for work-family balance policy should be expanded to include pre-elderly women in irregular positions, as opposed to its initial inclusion of only young women in stable job positions.
Finally, the limitations of this research mainly lie in the lack of substantial data. It might not be generalized due to only 6 samples, all of which consist of married pre-elderly women with spouses and children. Hence, the comparison of the result with employment experiences of pre-elderly women in other family forms such as a single-parent family, or those with previous full-time job experiences, could not be clarified.
A further study on employment using qualitative methods such as case studies, on pre-elderly women in labor market adapting ethnographic research, longitudinal studies, or studies with interdisciplinary approach should be performed to prepare for and manage the aged society.