The purpose of this study is to research for Jeoksam(赤衫), the innermost upper body underwear for males and females during Joseon dynasty and even in the early 20th century was to review the literature, historic remains from Joseon dynasty to exami...
The purpose of this study is to research for Jeoksam(赤衫), the innermost upper body underwear for males and females during Joseon dynasty and even in the early 20th century was to review the literature, historic remains from Joseon dynasty to examine the kinds of Jeoksam, its modal differences and its stitching methods.
Jeoksam was the jacket for the unlined clothes, and it was formed like Jeogori. It is said that it was worn in summer. Hansam(汗衫) or a kind of Jeoksam with long sleeves was called Somae attached long to the end of the sleeves. The term 'Sama(衫兒)' was borrowed from a Chinese clothing; 'Sam(衫)' meant Jeoksam and 'a(兒)' was a suffix.
The results of reviewing the literature from Joseon dynasty related to the court show that the materials for Hansam, Jeoksam or Sama had been deer skin, Cho(綃), Ju((紬), Jeongju(鼎紬)or Gongdan(貢緞)until the 19th century when the major materials for this underwear turned into Saejeopo(細苧布), Jeohangra(苧杭羅), Seoyangmok(西洋木), Seoyangsa(西洋紗), calico(玉洋木), Suninmunsa(純仁紋紗), Gongyangsa(貢洋紗) or Jeongju. The color tone had been white but the black Mapo(麻布) until the 19th century when pink, white or crimson appeared. Hansam and Sama were worn by those of higher class than those who wore Jeoksam. Sama were worn both by males and females, while Jangsama(長衫兒) and Dansama(短衫兒)both made of Jeongju were worn by males only. Hwalhansam(闊汗衫) and Hwalsama(闊衫兒) seem to have been worn by the women of relatively higher class. Those with the letter 'Hwal(闊)' attached were worn by women only. They were made of Cho, Sukcho(熟綃) or Jeopo(苧布). The term 'Sama' was used at the court only.
The literature about the commoners' clothing shows the names Jeoksam and Hansam. Jeoksam was an underwear for the unlined Jeogori, while Hansam was the innermost upper body underwear. It had longer sleeves than the jacket, and later, turned into the form attached long to the ends of sleeves.
Upon reviewing the historic remains for the period from 16th to 20th century, ramie, hemp and silk were evenly used in 16th and 17th centuries, and since 18th century, silk began to be used primarily. In the 20th century, Eunjosa(銀條紗), Newttong(뉴똥), Jinjusa(眞珠紗) and Asa(아사) were used primarily for Jeoksam. In particular, Sampalju(三八紬), Hwamuju(花紋紬), Saeju(細紬), Myeonju(綿紬), Gongdan, Jinjusa, Newttong, etc., were used for Jeoksam.
In view of its structure, Moo(무) was triangular, trapezoidal, ㄱ-shaped or triangular + trapezoidal, and later, Moo would degenerate naturally.
In 16th and 17th centuries, the Mokpan collars(목판깃) appeared evenly in both male and female clothes, but in contrast, sharpened collars which began to appear can be found in the male clothing remains from 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The female clothing remains from the 18th century show Mokpandangko collars(목판당코깃), while Donggre collars(동그래깃) can be found in the male clothing remains from 17th ~ 19th century. By the 20th century, Donggre collars prevailed in both male and female clothes. Among them, horizontally symmetric Donggre collar clothes and collarless ones prevailed most. The collarless clothes had a 1cm wide race instead of collar. And Dangkko collars(당코깃) with their hips rolled up are found in Jeoksam remains from 1900~1910. Seop(섶) is not found in the remains from the 16th century, but both clothes with and without Seop are found in the same person's remain. Those without Seop had a wider collar than those with Seop. Badaes(바대) consisted of shoulder Badae(어깨바대), back Badae(등바대), Goreum Badae(고름바대), etc., any of which served to extend the life of the unlined clothes.
In view of stitching methods, Gil(길) used the width of the fabric intact with no seams by setting the shoulder parts as Gol(골). Deungsol(등솔) folded and stitched the ends of the margin treated with back stitch, broad stitch, ssamsol(쌈솔) or gareumsol(가름솔). In most cases, gareumsol resulted in the ends of the margin oriented to the right. Yeopseon(옆선) used back stitch(박음질), tongsol(통솔), ssamsol and gareumsol to fold the ends of the margin twice for slip stitch. Doryeon(도련) used hemming(말아감침) and fladed stitch(감침), hemming stitch or slip stitch(공그르기).
Collars(깃) were made by the single-tiered mareumjil(마름질) using the Gol or the double-tiered mareumjil. The outside of collar was subject to back stitch(박음질) or broad stitch(홈질), while the inside of collar was subject to fladed stitch or slip stitch. Some collar heads were subject to a single stitch (Sangchim).
Seop was linked with Gil by such diverse stitches as back stitch, tongsol, ssamsol or gareumsol. The direction for the ends of the margin of outer and inner Seops was irregular; the ends of the margin of outer and inner Seops appeared toward Gil, or those of inner Seop appeared toward Gil, while those of outer Seop appeared toward Seop.
Jindong(진동) used broad stitch, back stitch, tongsol, ssamsol, etc., through the whole period, stitching the sixer intact, and used the fabric width primarily to stitch the sixer intact. Seam(Solgi) used gareumsol after back stitch in most cases, but the Seam bent to either side appeared in the direction of Gil.
Sugu(수구) used hemming and fladed stitch, fladed stitch and slip stitch, but in some cases, it did not use any stitch by using the sixer intact.
Baerae(배래) used tongsol, ssamsol and yetssamsol(옛쌈솔), while pushing the ends of the margin backwards. Sleeves(소매) were lined with broad stitch or back stitch, and Seam was directed toward Sugu, but in case of gareumsol, Seam was directed to both sides.
Moo used yetssamsol, ssamsol, tongsol, gobsol and back stitch.
Badae used fladed stitch and slip stitch.
In case of Goreum(고름), the outer Goreum prevailed, while the inner Goreum appeared sometimes. Gyeop(겹) used slip stitch and fladed stitch, while Hot used broad stitch by folding both sides twice for treatment of the ends of the margin or treated one sixer with broad stitch or fladed stitch, leaving the other sixer intact. Some clothes had only inner Goreum, while the same fabric was to hemming and fladed stitch to make the knotted buttons.
So far, Jeoksam during Joseon dynasty has been reviewed. Jeoksam served to express the outfits and their forms. And since it was closest to the human body, it played a decisive role for hygiene, clean body, conservation of body temperature and protection of body.
This study reviewed the literature and historic remains from Joseon dynasty and 20th century to analyze Jeoksam and define its concept, examined its kinds and characteristics as well as differences of its modes and stitching methods. It was regrettable that most of Jeoksams were recorded only and therefore, that their forms could not be identified precisely. It is hoped that this study will be used as some basic data for future studies about Jeoksam.