The aim of this dissertation is to fine out important factors influencing the localization degree of manufacturing firms in China and the relationship between the localization degree and performance. China has been the essential research area in the f...
The aim of this dissertation is to fine out important factors influencing the localization degree of manufacturing firms in China and the relationship between the localization degree and performance. China has been the essential research area in the field of international business due to its significant potential in the world.
To date, a number of international firms have entered the Chinese market since it was opened in 1978, but numerous firms had to withdraw their operations in China. Most of the existing research has tried to explain why international firms entering China have failed and the debates regarding the localization degree have attracted much attention.
This study advocates the positive relationship between the localization and the performance. Actually, much research has focused the antecedents and the performance of global integration strategy or localization strategy. The results, however, have been quite contradictory and caused lots of researchers and marketers to be confused. It means more empirical research needs to be conducted continuously.
This study approached and measured the concept of localization with multi-faucet constructs - that is, the degree of the subsidiary's autonomy to decide, the dependence degree on the local distribution channel, and the rate of locals in the subsidiary. Also, this study represents a subsidiary-level viewpoint and is different from most of the existing views in international business fields.
This dissertation has three research questions. The first research question is to discover the influencing factors on the localization degree of international firms operating in China. These influencing factors were examined through comprehensive literature studies but specific contexts in China were also considered.
The second research question is related to analyzing the relationship between the localization degree and performance. Since the existing literature has shown contradictory results from the localization strategy and performance, it is definitely necessary to do more empirical research. In particular, empirical studies addressing the Chinese market are still scanty in international business fields.
The last research question is to investigate the moderating role of Chinese partner firms. China has very unique market system based on the communist society system as well as the long and complex history. These factors hinder many international firms from taking root in China. This paper proposes that Chinese partner firms could help overcome uncertain local environments, especially such as institutional environments and different distribution cultures.
To solve the research questions above, a questionnaire was carefully drafted. Then, it was evaluated and revised through in-depth discussions with 11 Korean manufacturing firms in Qingdao. The results from this pre-test were reflected on the final questionnaire development. In total, 174 data from Korean manufacturing firms in Qingdao were finally used to test hypotheses proposed. All data were analyzed using the multiple regression analysis and moderated multiple regression analysis as well. Results from the empirical test are as follows:
First, all of the necessary factors in order to test the research model proposed in this study were assessed for the convergent and discriminant validity. As a result, statistically significant results were obtained.
Second, the first hypothesis was partially supported and showed the positive relationship between the heterogeneous degree of the distribution culture and the rate of locals in the subsidiary. This means local staffs can help get over different distribution cultures, especially in the case of China showing unique distribution history and practices .
Third, results from testing the second hypothesis proved that the longer the distribution channel length in a local market is, the higher the dependence degree on the local distribution channel is and the rate of locals shows. The channel quality influences the positive effect on both the degree of the decision power of the subsidiary and the rate of locals. So, the second hypothesis was partially supported.
Fourth, there was a positive relationship between the strategic autonomy and the dependence degree of the local distribution channel. The relationship orientation also had a positive effect on both the dependence degree of the local distribution channel and the rate of locals. Therefore, the third hypothesis was partially supported.
Fifth, the network resources showed the statistically significant relationship with the overall localization degree of distribution channel, but they have a negative effect on the degree of the subsidiary's autonomy to decide. The marketing capability has a negative effect on the dependence degree of the local distribution channel and a positive effect on the rate of locals. HRM management capability positively influenced the rate of locals. Therefore, the fourth hypothesis was partially supported.
Sixth, the question about the relationship between the localization degree and performance was handled. Results from the multiple regression analysis showed that the localization degree of distribution channel positively influenced the HRM performance, but failed to prove any relationship with the marketing performance. Therefore, the fifth hypothesis was partially supported.
Lastly, the sixth hypothesis to test the moderating effect of the joint venture partners was supported. This result means the joint venture partners can help get over uncertain and heterogeneous environments and successfully expand in dynamic local markets such as China.
This study has the following implications. First, it empirically discovered the specific influencing factors on the localization degree of distribution channel in China. These factors are composed of the local environmental factors, the distribution channel structure factors, the subsidiary orientation factor, and the subsidiary's resources.
Second, this dissertation helps clear up current contradictory results from empirical studies on the localization and performance. According to the results proved above, as the localization degree of distribution channel gets higher, the performance increases. The moderating role of the joint venture partner was also shown.
Third, the basic logic was set up to develop a model for enhancing the localization cycle. This model is expected to explain that higher degree of localization can facilitate higher performance in subsidiaries step by step. Future studies should focus more attention on developing a specific model.
The last implication is related to the approaching methods. This study divided the localization concept of distribution channel into 3 dimensions. That's why measuring the complex localization concept with a uniform way may become contradictory because most of the external environments firms face and the internal competitive edges they hold are different as well.
This dissertation have a few limits, though. First of all, enough data were not collected to generalize the findings in this empirical study. This is related to cause partial difficulty in verifying some moderating effects. In addition, all data were gathered only from Province Qingdao and restricted to expanding the conclusions to other provinces in China. It is necessary to analyze the data using different methods such as the path analysis in the future study. Then, it could be expected to draw out more abundant and useful implications for international marketers.