Children with cerebral palsy (CP) are expected to have different chewing patterns from normal children due to the abnormal movements of their jaw, lips and tongue. The abnormal chewing is closely connected with the type of CP, severity, abnormal oral ...
Children with cerebral palsy (CP) are expected to have different chewing patterns from normal children due to the abnormal movements of their jaw, lips and tongue. The abnormal chewing is closely connected with the type of CP, severity, abnormal oral reflex(e.g. tongue thrust), oral paresthesia, seizure history, and cognitive ability. This study investigates which factors mentioned above are related to chewing ability of CP children. The subjects were 65 CP children where the average age was 6 years and 8 months. They consisted of 38 spastic diplegia, 11 spastic quadriplegia, 7 spastic hemiplegia, and 9 mixed. The six independent variables were the type of CP, severity, abnormal oral reflex, oral paresthesia, seizure history, and cognitive ability. We identified the types of the CP and the severity based on their medical records, when we could find the level of GMFCS, and in other cases, a physical therapist assessed the children directly. The abnormal oral reflex, oral paresthesia, seizure history, cognitive ability, and the chewing ability were assessed directly. The results of the study are as follows.Among the six, the factors that affected chewing ability were the type of CP, severity, abnormal oral reflex, seizure history. Among the types, only spastic quadriplegia, and mixed were related to chewing ability. In addition, tongue thrust and tonic bite reaction were other relating factors. For the results of the regression analysis, the mixed type explained 36.8% of affecting factors on chewing ability of children whose GMFCS level was Ⅰ,Ⅱ, and Ⅲ. In the case of children whose GMFCS level was Ⅳ and Ⅴ, mixed and tongue thrust explained 47.3% of affecting factors. This result shows that the involuntary movement that is a characteristic of the mixed type, and the decrease of muscle control and sensory extinction in the case of spastic quadriplegia can occur at the jaw, the lips, and the tongue to disturb normal chewing. In addition, the movements of the jaw, the lips, and the tongue needed for chewing were decreased when the CP was more severe. With this result, we can explain the fact that the chewing ability tends to be worse when the level of GMFCS, which shows the severity, gets higher. The tongue thrust and tonic bite reaction negatively affect chewing ability, disturbing the smooth movements of the jaw, the lips, and the tongue. In the case of the severe group (GMFCS levels Ⅳ, Ⅴ), the tongue thrust was the most important factor, which explained the lower ability of chewing. As a result, it shows that chewing ability could be worst when the mixed type of CP have the tongue thrust. Lastly, the chewing ability of children who have seizure history was lower than that of normal children, and it shows the negative effects of seizure history on chewing ability. It is clinically important that the result of this study help us predict the chewing ability of spastic CP by investigating related factors. In addition, it is also important that we examine how the factors are different according to the types or the severity of CP. We expect various, subsequent studies on the chewing of CP based on this study.