IT중소·벤처기업의 R&D역량 및 기술사업화역량이 기술혁신 성과에 미치는 연구 : 공공 R&D 수혜 중소벤처기업을 대상으로

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study examined - from the perspective of the technological innovation framework, namely, the input-process-output cycle - the relationships between the input as R&D capability (learning, R&D, and external networking), the process as technology commercialization capability (manufacturing and marketing), and the output as innovation performance. The study targeted 254 small- and medium-sized IT venture firms (IT SMEs) which were either direct or indirect recipients of the government's R&D support between 2005 and 2007 (direct beneficiaries of public R&D funds, and indirect beneficiaries who received the transfer of ETRI's technologies and conducted joint research with ETRI).First, the findings of the research indicated that there was a significant positive (+) relationship between R&D capability and innovative performance; they also showed the existence of a significant positive (+) relationship between R&D capability and technology commercialization capability, suggesting that these factors are crucial factors for corporate performance. Many existing researches only considered R&D intensity in terms of the relationship between R&D and performance, but this study found that learning and external networking also influence innovation performance. This suggests that corporate performance should be measured not only in terms of R&D intensity, as in the existing researches, but also in terms of R&D capability, which encompasses learning and various external networking factors.Second, the study found that technology commercialization capability plays a mediating role in terms of innovation performance. In this cycle of input (R&D capability)-process (technology commercialization capability)-output (innovation performance), the mediating role of technology commercialization capability was found to influence performance to a greater and more direct extent than R&D. This suggests that a corporation should consider not only R&D, but should also adopt a technology commercialization perspective in order to further boost its corporate performance. Third, the study found that the government support system has a controlling effect. In the case of R&D capability, the government support system does not directly control R&D due to fundamental corporate attributes; however, in the case of technology commercialization, since all corporations very much want the governmental support, the government support system's controlling effect was found to be significant. The government should not focus its diverse support policies on bolstering R&D capability, but should implement support policies aimed at enhancing technology commercialization capability, thereby providing more effective support to IT SMEs. Fourth, in a comparison of direct and indirect recipients of public R&D support, indirect recipients, rather than direct recipients, were found to have more explanatory power, indicating a difference between the two groups. This suggests that the government's R&D funds could be more effectively invested via state-run institutes or other public research institutes rather than through direct investment in IT SMEs. This indicates that the perfection and value of technologies should be further enhanced through state-run institutes equipped with superior manpower and facilities prior to the spread of such technologies to IT SMEs in an effort to bolster national IT competitiveness.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 2005년-2007년까지 정부 R&D 지원의 직간접(공공 R&D자금 직접수혜기업, ETRI 기술이전 및 공동연구 수행 간접수혜기업) 수혜를 입은 254개 IT중소벤처기업을 대상으로, 기술혁신 프레임워크인 Input-Process- Output 관점에서 Input을 R&D역량(Learning, R&D, External networking)으로, Process를 기술사업화역량 (manufacturing, marketing)으로, 그리고 Output을 혁신성과(Innovation Performance)로 설정하고, 이에 대한 관계를 연구하였다. 분석결과, 첫째 R&D역량과 혁신성과 사이에 유의한 정(+)의 관계가 존재하는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 R&D역량 뿐만 아니라, 기술사업화역량 역시 모두 유의한 정(+)의 관계를 보여줘, 기업성과에 중요한 요소인 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 기존 많은 연구에서는 R&D와 성과사이에서 R&D집약도만을 고려하였지만, 기술학습요인이나 외부 네트워크 연계요인도 혁신성과에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 기업성과를 측정할 때, 기존 연구처럼 R&D집약도만을 고려할 것 아니고, 기술학습이나 외부네트워크 요인을 포함한 R&D역량을 가지고 측정해야 한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 기술사업화역량이 혁신성과에 매개역할을 하고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. Input(R&D역량) - process(기술사업화역량)-Output(혁신성과)에서 R&D가 직접적으로 성과에 영향을 주는 것 보다 기술사업화역량이 매개역할을 통해 성과에 더 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 기업입장에서 R&D만을 고려하지 말고, 기술사업화라는 시각을 고려해야만 기업성과가 더 올라갈 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 셋째, 정부지원시스템의 조절효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. R&D역량의 경우 정부지원시스템이 기업자체의 본원적 속성 때문에 R&D에 직접적인 조절은 못하지만, 기술사업화의 경우 모든 기업들이 정부지원에 대한 절실함이 존재하고 있기 때문에 정부지원시스템의 조절효과가 매우 큰 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 정부의 다양한 지원정책을 R&D역량에 집중하기 보다는 기술사업화역량과 관련된 지원정책이 보다 더 효과적으로 IT중소벤처기업들에게 필요한 요소라고 볼 수 있을 것이다. 넷째, 공공 R&D 직접 수혜기업과 간접 수혜기업을 비교한 결과, 직접 기업보다는 간접 기업이 더 높은 설명력을 보여줘, 두 집단간의 차이가 존재한다는 것이 도출하였다. 이는 정부의 R&D자금이 IT중소벤처기업들에게 직접 투자되기 보다는 출연연과 같은 공공 연구기관을 통해 간접 투자되는 것이 더 효율적이라는 알 수 있다. 즉 출연연과 같은 우수한 인력과 시설을 통해 기술의 완성도 및 가치를 제고시켜 IT중소벤처기업들에게 전파되는 것이 국가 IT기술경쟁력을 강화시키는 방편이라고 볼 수 있다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1. TechnologyandEconomy, OECD, , 1992

2. Open-marketinnovation, Rigby, Zook, , 2002

3. Collaboration Networks, Ahuja, , 2000

4. R & D and productivity, Griliches, Zvi, University of Chicago Press, R&D andProductivity, , 1998

5. DeterminantsofInnovation, Bhattacharya, , 2002

6. Commercializing New Technologies, Jolly, Commercializing new technologies, , 1997

7. Successful IndustrialInnovations, Myets, G.G.Marquis, , 1969

8. Technology and EconomicDevelopment, Malecki, , 1997

9. (AMOS) 구조방정식 모형분석, 김계수, 데이타솔루션, , 2001

10. 2003년 기술혁신활동조사표, STEPI, , 2003

11. Cooperative R&D and firm performance, Lokshin, Carree, Belderbos, , 2004

12. Managing the R&D marketing interface, Wilemon, Raj, Gupta, , 1987

13. 정보통신진흥기금성과분석, IITA, , 2008

14. A taxonomy of manufacturing strategies, Roth, Miller, A Taxonomy ofManufacturing Strategies, , 1994

15. IT우수기술지원사업총괄현황, IITA, , 2007

16. R&D에 대한 6가지 오해와 진실, 허진, , 2006

17. 중소기업의 발전조건과 정책, 조영삼, , 2006

18. 중소기업정책의 성과와 과제, 김종범, , 2003

19. Managing knowledge : an essential reader, Little, Stephen E., SAGE Publications, , 2005

20. IT산업경쟁력강화사업총괄현황, IITA, , 2007

21. Development of a technical innovation audit, Voss, Chiesa, , 1998

22. FastTracking Innovation inManufacturingSMEs, O'Regan, Sims, , 2006

23. Firm size and dynamictechnologicalinnovation, Stock, Greis, , 2002

24. IT중소기업 정책 평가 및 발전방향, 정통부 중소기업지원팀, , 2007

25. OrganizingMarketinginIndustrialHigh-TechFirms, Rajala, Moller, , 1999

26. TheimpactofpublicR&D expenditureinBusinessR&D, Pottelsberghe, Guellec, , 2003

27. Innovation and Learning: TheTwo Faces of R & D, Levinthal, Cohen, Innovation and Learning ;the twofacesofR&D, , 1989

28. Barriers to innovation andSubsidy effectiveness, Pazo, Gonzalez, Jaumandreu, , 2005

29. Smallfirms'Innovationintwotechnologicalsettings, Lee, , 1995

30. 중소기업정책의 지원체계 개선 방향, 오철호, , 2003

31. Commercializingtechnology;whatthebestcompaniesdo?, Uttal, Nevens, , 1990

32. Firm Resource and Sustained Competitive Advantage, Barney, , 1991

33. The anatomy ofIndustry R&D IntensityDistributions, Klepper, Cohen, , 1992

34. Emerging patterns ofcomplex technologicalinnovation, Kash, , 2002

35. 혁신형 중소기업 육성정책간 연계방안, 이동주, , 2007

36. A Model of New ProductDevelopment: An Empirical Test, Zirger, Maidique, A Modelofnew productdevelopment:Anempiricaltest, , 1990

37. A capability-based view of competitive heterogeneity, T.L.Madsen, Hoopes, , 2008

38. How can organizationallearning bemodeledandmeasured?, Davidsen, Spector, , 2006

39. 정보통신연구개발사업의 투자성과분석, STEPI, , 2002

40. 중소기업 R&D 정책의 문제점과 개선방향, 조용현, 홍운선, , 2008

41. Characterizing the technology firm:anexploratorystudy, Grinstein, Goldman, , 2006

42. R&D, firm size, and innovation: An empirical analysis, Shefer, Frenkel, "R&D, , 2005

43. Marketing/R&D integration in thepharmaceuticalindustry, Becker, Lillemark, , 2006

44. Productivity,Innovationand R&D :Micro evidenceforItaly, Sembenelli, Parisi, M. L., Parisi, Schiantarelli, "Productivity, , 2006

45. Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning, March, Exploration and Exploitation in OrganizationalLearning, , 1991

46. 2005년도 한국의 기술혁신조사 :제조업부문, 최지선, 이정열, 엄미정, , 2005

47. Internal R&D Expenditures and ExternalTechnologySourcing, Veugelers, Internal R&D expenditures and external technologysourcing, , 1997

48. Internal factors determining a firm'sinnovativebehaviour, Fuente, Galende, , 2003

49. Learning-by-doing spillovers in thesemiconductor industry, Klenow, Irwin, , 1994

50. Highly innovative small firms in themarkets for technology, Heged, Hicks, , 2005

51. A regional industrial perspective on canadaunder free trade, Britton, A regionalindustrialperspectiveoncanadaunderfreetrade, , 1993

52. Intergrated productdesign formarketabilityand manufacturing, Beach, Srinivasan, Lovejoy, , 1997

53. Adapting your technological base; theorganizationalchallenge, Alder, , 1990

54. Federalfundingand thelevelofprivateexpenditureonbasicresearch, Robson, , 2001

55. Innovative Capability and Export Performance of Chinese Firms, Guan, N.Ma, Innovative capability and export performance ofChinesefirms, , 2003

56. Success in High-Technologymarket:ismarketingcapabilitycritical?, O.Narasimhan, S.Rajiv, Dutta, , 1999

57. ThecapitalstructureImplicationsofPursuing astrategyofInnovation, O'Brien, , 2003

58. Absorptive capacity: A review,reconceptualization, and extension, George,G., Zahra,Shaker A., "Absorptive Capacity : A Review, , 2002

59. DoR&D SubsidiesStimulateordisplaceprivateR&D Evidencefrom Israel, Lach, S., Lach, , 2000

60. Restoring our competitive edge : competing through manufacturing, Hayes, Robert H, Wiley, Restoring Our Competitive Edge;CompetingThroughManufacturing, , 1984

61. The cornerstones of competitive advantage: a resource-based view, Bergen, Peteraf, The cornerstones of competitive advantage : AResource-basedview, , 1993

62. 중소기업의 R&D와 혁신:정부정책지원의 조절효과, 최영애, 신진교, 중소기업의 R&D와 혁신-정부정책지원의 조절효과, , 2008

63. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation, D.A.Levinthal, Cohen, Absorptive Capacity ; A NewPerspectiveon learning and Innovation, , 1990

64. Source ofCapabilities,Integration andTechnology Commercialization, Zahra, Nielsen, "Source ofCapabilities, , 2002

65. 중소기업 CEO가 알아야 할 중소기업 지원제도 요람, 한기윤, , 2007

66. 혁신형 중소기업: 기업특성, 기술학습과 경영성과, 김영배, "혁신형 중소기업-기업특성, , 2005

67. External Linkages and Product Innovation in smallManufacturingFirms, Freel, , 2000

68. Intergrating R&D and marketing :a reviewand analysisoftheliterature, Griffin, Hauser, , 1996

69. Complementary Resourcesand theExploitationofTechnologicalInnovations, King, Hegarty, , 2003

70. ThegovernmentasVentureCapitalist:Thelong-run impactoftheSBIR Program, Lerner, , 1999

71. Commercialization of patents and external financingduringtheR&D phase, Svensson, , 2007

72. Evaluating firm technological innovation capability under uncertainty, Wang, , 2008

73. The influence ofITmanagementpractice on IT use in large organizations, Jacos, Zmud, Boynton, , 1994

74. 벤처기업의 R&D역량 및 성과의 영향요인에 관한 연구, 윤동섭, 황경연, , 2007

75. 중소기업의 R&D와 기술혁신:전략 및 조직문화의 역할, 신진교, , 2007

76. Analysisoftechnologicalinnovation from businesseconomics and management, Galende, Analysis of technological innovation from businesseconomicsandmanagement, , 2006

77. Determinants and performance impacts of external technology acquisition, Teegen, Lanctot, Jones, , 2001

78. Marketing as an engine of business growth:across-functional perspective, Wind, Marketing as an engine ofbusiness growth :a cross -functionalperspective, , 2005

79. 외부자원 활용이 벤처기업의 기술혁신에 미치는 영향, 이병헌, 박상문, 한국중소기업학회, , 2006

80. Co-operative R&D: why and with whom? An integrated framework of analysis, Sachwald, Miotti, , 2003

81. IT중소·벤처기업의 연구개발, 시장지향성, 혁신 및성과, 신진교, 임재현, 한국중소기업학회, "IT중소벤처기업의 연구개발, , 2008

82. External technology acquisition and firm performance: A longitudinal study, Tsai, Wang, , 2008

83. Interfirm cooperationand startup innovation in the bio-technology industry, Kogut, Shan, Walker, Interfirm cooperation and startupinnovation in thebiotechnology industry, , 1994

84. StrategicMarketPosition and R&D Capabilityin GlobalManufacturing Industries, Lucas, Bell, , 2000

85. StrategicMarketPosition and R&D Capabilityun globalmanufacturing Industries, Simon J.B, BryanA.L, , 2000

86. A resource-based analysis of the factors determining a firm's R&D activities, Del Canto, Gonz?lez, , 1999

87. Survivalofbusinessusingcollaborativerelationshipstocommercializecomplexgoods, Singh, Mitchell, , 1996

88. 연구기획평가실무자를 위한 기술사업화(기술경영실무서), 손수현, , 2007

89. Commercializing new technologies inIndia: a perspective on policy initiatives, P.K.Jain, Kumar, , 2002

90. Firms' motivations forcooperative R&D: an empirical analysis of Spanish firms, Huerta, Bayona, , 2001

91. Inovation networks;fromtechnologicaldevelopmenttobusinessmodelreconfiguration, Guerrini, Calia, Moura, , 2007

92. Bridging the boundary: Externalactivity and performance in organizational teams, Ancona, Caldwell, Bridging the boundary :externalactivity and performance in organizational teams, , 1992

93. Do subsidies to cooperative R&D actually stimulate R&Dinvestmentandcooperation?, Folster, , 1995

94. R&D intensity and commercialization orientationeffects on financial performance, Y.K.Lee, Lin, S.H.Hung, , 2006

95. Factorsofsuccessin R&D ProjectsandNew Product Innovation: a contextual framework, Balachandra, , 1997

96. Innovative Science andTechnology Commercialization Strategies at 3M; A Casestudy, Hanill, Conceicao, Pinheiro, , 2002

97. 벤처기업의 성장단계별 기술혁신 전략과 정부의 R&D지원효과, 이병헌, 벤처기업의 성장단계별 기술혁신 전략과 정부의 R&D지원 효과, , 2005

98. 한국 바이오벤처기업의 혁신 활동에 영향을 미치는 요인분석, 강경남, 이윤식, 한국 바이오벤처기업의 혁신활동에 영향을 미치는 요인분석, , 2006

99. External commercializing technology assets: Anexamination ofdifferentprocessstages, Lichtenthaler, , 2008

100. From R&D managementtoknowledgemanagementanoverviewofstudiesofinnovation management, Nieto, , 2003

101. How effective isinnovation supportforSMEs An analysis ofthe region ofUpperAustria, Kaufmann, Todtling, How effective isinnovation supportforSMEs An analysis ofthe region ofUpperAustria, , 2002

102. Resource,capabilities,risk capitaland thecreation of university spin-out companies, Wright, Lockett, "Resource, , 2005

103. Indicators of Firm Technological Capability : Validity and Performance Implications, Shoenecker T, L.Swanson, , 2002

104. Does R&D performance decline with firm size??A re-examination in terms of elasticity, Wang, Tsai, , 2005

105. Externaltechnologycommercializationinlargefirm;resultifaquantitativebenchmarkingstudy, Lichtenthaler, , 2007

106. KnowledgeSystemsand TechnologicalDynamism inIndustrialClustersin Developing Countries, Albu, Bell, , 1999

107. Managing Innovation in SMEs: A Comparison of Companies in the UK, France and Portugal, Birchall, J.J.Chanaron, K.Soderquist, "ManagingInnovationin SMES:A Comparison ofCompanies in the UK, , 1996

108. Is public R&D a ComplementorSubstitute forPrivateR&D:A Review ofthe EconometricEvidence, David, Hall, , 2000

109. OrganizationalCitizenship Behavior: Construct Redefinition, Measurement, and Validation, Van Dyne, Dienesch, "OrganizationalCitizenship Behavior:Construct Redefinition, , 1994

110. Technology commercialization, incubator and venture capital,and new venture performance, Chen, "Technology commercialization, , 2009

111. AssimilatingNew technologyintotheorganization;an assessmentofMcFarlan and Mckenney'smodel, Fiedler, Raho, , 1987

112. The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation, Robert M.Grant, The Resource-Based Theory ofCompetitive Advantage :ImplicationsforStrategy Formulation, , 1991

113. A Study of R&D,innovation, and business performance in the Canadian biotechnology industry, Linda A.Hall, "A Study ofR&D, , 2002

114. Forecastiong innovation performance vianeuralnetworks-acaseofTaiwanesemanufacturing industry, Wang, Chien, , 2006

115. Internal capabilities external networks,and performance:a study on technology based ventures, Lee, Pennings, "Internalcapabilities, , 2001

116. Marketing interaction with otherfunctional units; a concept framework and empirical evidence, Walker Jr, Ruekert, , 1987

117. In search ofcomplementarityin innovationstrategy;internalr&d and externalknowledgeacquisition, Cassiman, Veugelers, , 2006

118. Marketing's Influence Tactics in NewProductDevelopment:astudy ofHigh Technology firmsin china, Atuahene-Gima, , 2000

119. 정부연구개발투자와 민간연구개발투자의 상호보완성에 대한 실증분석, 신태영, 과학기술정책연구원, , 2005

120. 정부의 연구개발 보조가 민간기업의 연구개발 투자에 미치는 효과분석, 이병기, , 2004

121. 중소기업의 기술협력 활동이 기술혁신 성과 및 재무성과에 미치는영향, 김영조, , 2005

122. AnauditofTechnologicalinnovationcapabilitiesinchinesefirms;someempiricalfindingsinBeijing,China, Pun, Tang, Yam, "AnauditofTechnologicalinnovationcapabilitiesinchinesefirms;someempiricalfindingsinBeijing, , 2004

123. Marketing/R&D Interaction in new product development: Implicationsfor new product success rates, Hise, Marketing/R&DInteractioninnew productdevelopment:Implicationsfornew productsuccessrates, , 1990

124. Explaining and measuringsuccessinnew business:Theeffectoftechnologicalcapabilitiesonfirm results, Navas-Lopez, Garcia-Muina, , 2007

125. A Resource-based View of Manufacturing Strategy and The Relationship to Manufacturing Performance, Schroeder.R.G, M.A.Junttila, , 2002

126. Determinants of Innovation Capability in Small Electronics and Software Firms in Southeast England, H.Albaladejo, Romijn J, Determinants ofinnovation capability insmallelectronicsand softwarefirmsin southeastEngland, , 2002

127. An information transfer model forintergratingmarketingandR&D Personnelinnew productdevelopmentprojects, Souder, Moenaert, , 1990

128. Natureand impactof innovation in manufacturing industry ;some evidence from the Italianinnovationsurvey, Rapiti, Perani, Evangelista, Archibugi, , 1997

129. A critical look at technological innovation typology and innovativeness terminology: a literature review, Roger Calantone, Rosanna Garcia, A criticallook attechnologicalinnovationtypology and innovativenessterminology:a literature review, , 2002

130. Inter-firm network polices and firm performance:evaluating the impactofinitiatives in the United Kingdom, Huggins, , 2001

131. The relationships among management accountinginformation,organizationallearning and production performance, Choe, "The relationships among management accountinginformation, , 2004

132. Exploration and exploitation innovation processes: The role of organizational slack in R & D intensive firms, Geiger, M.Makri, , 2006

133. 정부의 연구개발지원제도가 중소기업 기술경영수준 결정요인에 미치는 영향 연구, 이찬형, , 2007

134. Information technology and learning; their relationship and impact onorganisationalperformancein smallbusiness, Merono-Cerdan, Sabater-Sanchez, Ruiz-Mercader, , 2006

135. Manufacturing strategies and financialperformance-The effect of advanced information technology:CAD/CAM system, Theodorou, Manufacturing strategies and financialperformance-The effect of advanced information technology: CAD/CAMsystem, , 2008

136. A study of the relationship between competitiveness and technological innovation capability based on DEA models, N.Ma, Guan, , 2006

137. 산업기술연구회 소관 정부출연 연구기관의 중소기업 지원현황 조사 및 활성화 방안, 산업기술연구회, , 2007

138. 패밀리 레스토랑의 고객만족과 재방문 의도에 영향을 미치는 매개변수에 관한 연구, 곽용섭, 방문선, 한국문화관광학회, , 2003

139. UnderstandingtherationalofstrategictechnologyPartering;InterorganizationalmodesofcooperationandSectorDifferences, Hagedoorn, , 1993

140. DavidsvsGoliathsin thesmallsatelliteindustry ; the role of technological innovation dynamics in firmcompetitiveness, Carayannis, , 2000

141. 중소기업의 내부연구개발 활동과 외부 연구개발활동의 관계 : 보완관계인가 대체관계인가?, 박경도, 윤지웅, 중소기업의 내부연구개발 활동과 외부 연구개발 활동의관계:보완관계인가 대체관계인가 ?, , 2007

142. An investigation into the managerial roles and career paths of gatekeepers and project supervisors in a major R&D facility, Tushman, Katz, An Investigation into the managerialrolesand career paths of gatekeepers and Project supervisors in a major R&Dfacility, , 1981

143. Determinants ofsuccessfulR&D cooperation in Japanesesmallbusinesses:The impactoforganizationaland contractualcharacteristics, Okamuro, , 2007

144. Identification of innovating firms throughtechnological innovation indicators: An application to theSpanish ceramic tile industry, Flor, Identification ofinnovating firms throughtechnologicalinnovation indicators:an application to the Spanish ceramictileindustry, , 2004

145. The Moderator-mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations, David A.Kenny, Reuben M.Baron, "Themoderator-mediatorvariabledistinctionin social psychological research : conceptual, , 1986

146. The Role of R&D Intensity, Technical Development andAbsorptive Capacity increating Entrepreneurial Wealth in High Technologystart-ups, Deeds, "The role ofR&D intensity, , 2001

147. Explaining Innovative efforts of SMEs. An Exploratory Survey among SMEs in the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Sector in the Netherlands, Keizer, J.I.M.Halman, , 2002