The purpose of this study is to discuss the process of R.O.K Army formation as a state organization. The Constabulary which was founded in January 15, 1946 was transformed into the Army with the establishment of the R.O.K government. The formation and...
The purpose of this study is to discuss the process of R.O.K Army formation as a state organization. The Constabulary which was founded in January 15, 1946 was transformed into the Army with the establishment of the R.O.K government. The formation and character conversion of the Constabulary and the Army have a thread of connection with the way of building the nation after Korea's liberation from imperial Japanese rule.
The U.S. Army Military Government in Korea(USAMGIK) controlled the organic movements to build the Korean Army by Koreans themselves through founding the Constabulary. It meant that the USAMGIK never did agree to the independent movemests to make the Army by Koreans. However, USAMGIK planned to establish the Army restrictively as the U.S. and Soviet didn't make any decision in policy: so it had a limited character as the reserve for national police.
USAMGIK made the Constabulary by collecting the power and human resources from the various kinds of organic military organizations which had been scattered throughout the nation. Also it suggested that the Constabulary should keep political neutrality. It can be seen that USAMGIK intended the Constabulary to be a loyal force for the state by removing political directivity from the organic military organizations. As the result, there existed a diverse spectrum of political groups including from the ultra left wings to the ultra right wings in the early Constabulary.
The Constabulary took various roles in its early period; there had been military training for it to cover the reformation into the Army someday; it used to be mobilized to keep a security in the emergency, protect some important buildings and institutions, and participate in diverse events and activities. One of the characteristics of the Constabulary was the fact that it was established on the basis of the individual provinces. Therefore it had the strong traits as a home regiment in its province of origin. Each regiment recruited soldiers and trained them according to their plan independently. This trait of the home regiment was deepened in the Constabulary, but sometimes the character as the home regiment had limits.
These traits in the Constabulary made it possible for sergeants in the regiment to instigate rebellions of soldiers in the cases of Yosu and Daegu rebellion. The sergeants' stirring appealed to the soldiers to join the rebellion force. This trait in the Constabulary as the home regiment worked to increase the possibility of the rebellions' breaking out.
On the other hand, vestiges of Japanese imperialism remained in the Constabulary as most officers in it had served in the imperial Japanese Army and Manchukuo Forces. This situation provoked many cases of protest against the leftovers of ProJapanese inside the Constabulary. Occasionally some soldiers used to demonstrate to urge that vestiges of Japanese imperialism should be removed.
The Constabulary was changed into the Army when a separate election was carried out in the latter half of 1947. The Constabulary made quantitative growth and qualitative change in its transition. In other words, the Constabulary was transformed into the Army, taking on the character of a reserve for the police. At the same time, various kinds of measures were taken to control the stability of the Constabulary stably. One of them was to purge the red wings who were against the separate election. Before the establishment of the R.O.K government, 'political neutrality' and the nation had been emphasized nominally. With the red purge in the Army, the Yosu rebellion broke out as the protest for the purge.
Since the Yosu rebellion, the anticommunist character of the Army was intensified. There began to form a firm regime driven by the extreme right wings and the anti-communists. As a result of this series of events, the Army was transformed into a physical apparatus to maintain the ultra rightists' and anti-communists' regime. The anti-communist Army took the lead in removing political groups that would be against the regime. It intended to control the civilian society and watched it closely. For instance, the Army intervened in politics directly in June, 1949, the time when the rightists assume the offensive. And then it was possible for the Army to intervene the politics with the justification that it must defend the regime. After the liberation, Korean society failed to build an independent and unified nation. It was separated into the South and the North. In conclusion, it can be said that the transformation of the Constabulary into the Army shows the decisive limits which resulted from the failure to build the one nation.