노인 돌봄의 목회상담학적 연구 = (A)study on elderly care based on pastoral counselling

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

On the basis of the literature, the old population reached 9.1 percent as of 2005 in Korea. As aging society has more than 7.0% people 65 years old and over, by definition, Korea has already entered aged society. If the Church understands such an increasing old population and takes care of them from the viewpoint of pastoral counseling to make them happier and provides a new program to practice Christian love to perform the task of elderly care in search of ways to approach the old non-Christian population, it will be an opportunity to preach the gospel to them and their family.
Chapter Ⅱ examined Korean society and problems in the elderly. An aged person refers to the 'one who has a weakening ability to live independently and to adapt himself or herself to environment due to aging or the resultant decline in physiological, psychological, and social functions'; the problems caused by the increase in the old population are becoming social and national problems beyond the personal or household reach. It is therefore important to understand the properties of the old population and their problems immediately. Aged people have such problems as lost status or roles, economic and supporting problems, fear of impending diseases, including geriatric diseases, apoplexy, and paralysis, leisure problems, alienation and isolation, inter-generation conflicts, sexual desire, and death.
Chapter Ⅲ described theoretical background of elderly care; Biblical theories indicate that it is important for Christians to take care of aged people with God's demand and love in the pastoral practice or in the Church as saying, "Rise in the presence of the aged, show respect for the elderly and revere your God. I am the Lord" (Leviticus 19:32) and "Do not rebuke an older man harshly, but exhort him as if he were your father. Treat younger men as brother, older women as mothers, and younger women as sisters, with absolute purity. Give proper recognition to those widows who are really in need. But if a widow has children or grandchildren, these should learn first of all to put their religion into practice by caring for their own family and so repaying their parents and grandparents, for this is pleasing to God" (1Timothy 5:1-4).
It is necessary to develop resources of the old population and assist them to get new capacity, based on disengagement theory, activity theory, exchange theory, social breakdown theory, and modernization theory; these social changes demonstrate that the problems in the elderly are never personal or taboo but social problems that need public concern and management.
The pastoral counseling theory of care understands problems and properties of the aged and searches for how to take care of them based on Freud's psychoanalysis, Carl Rogers's person-centered theory, behaviorism, and Gestalt theory. In particular, the issues of diseases and death are approached on the basis of faith, which suggests the need of belief in Christ who rose from the dead and resurrected in overcoming the fear of death. The aged are encouraged to consider death to be their companion, not the object of fear, and to discuss many issues of death so that they can reduce the fear of death.
Chapter Ⅳ investigated such elderly care sites as welfare centers, relevant facilities, and churches to see the actual condition of elderly care by the country or society; in particular, integrated elderly welfare centers, silver towns, and elderly welfare programs operated by the churches were investigated to provide the basis of future elderly care programs in the Church.
Chapter Ⅴ provided an education program applying a 'silver college' for the aged as an example of pastoral counseling concerning elderly care and conducted a survey before and after participation in the program. Consequently, they made more positive responses after the participation, showing statistically significant differences: 2.24 and 3.71 in the physical area, 1.88 and 4.13 in the intellectual area, 2.53 and 4.17 in the social area, 2.37 and 4.43 in the emotional area, and 3.39 and 4.40 in the religious area, before and after the participation, respectively.
Chapter Ⅵ suggested issues of elderly care and its application to the Church through elderly education in the institutional structure for elderly care to provide knowledge and information through religious education and solve problems in the elderly and help them prepare for death without apprehension. For elderly care, it is desirable to use church facilities, resources, or manpower to visit old people's homes, halls for the aged, and general homes.
As sex and remarriage of the aged will become their problems with emphasis placed on the quality of living in old age, it is important to take practical measures rather than suggesting the idea that aged people also have a sexual desire. It is important to activate employment and volunteering activities of the aged in order to cope with lost roles and leisure problems; it is necessary to provide create elderly culture with emphasis on entertainment, dilettante's life, and elderly education in order to cope effectively with leisure problems. In addition, special counseling for the aged are necessary to solve the problems of alienation and isolation; also necessary is to structuralize elderly groups and develop a campaign for old people's right actively.
The Church believes that elderly care based on human resources and facilities has a very bright future. The entire society has great concern about volunteering activities and the central and local governments have many plans to provide lots of material and human resources. In particular, it is expected that elderly care will be given great financial support with the Social Welfare Joint Fund Raising settled all over the country.
An elderly college operated by a church will apply a pastoral counseling program to understand and manage problems of participants from the viewpoint of pastoral counseling in order to meet their expectations and make them happy. If a one-day-per-week elderly college can be operated as a five-day-per-week day care center, the pastoral counseling program for care will produce good results.
As a pastoral counseling program, it will be especially possible to apply visit-based care by which three to five people visit the same region in small groups. Besides, if an elderly college in a hall for the aged is directly operated in local halls or centers for the aged with a church's human resources, programs, and resources for care, even people disagreeable to the Church or facilities will participate readily in a Christian program, consequently attracting more people and expanding the functions of the Church.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 서론 = 1
• A. 연구목적 및 중요성 = 1
• B. 연구방법과 범위 = 5
• C. 연구사 = 7
• Ⅱ. 한국사회와 노인문제 = 10
• A. 고령화 사회 = 10
• B. 노인의 개념과 노인의 특성 = 21
• C. 노인 문제 = 32
• Ⅲ. 노인 돌봄의 이론적 배경 = 42
• A. 노인 돌봄의 성서적 배경 = 42
• B. 노인 돌봄의 사회학적 배경 = 52
• C. 노인 돌봄의 목회 상담학적 배경 = 57
• Ⅳ. 노인 돌봄의 현장 = 110
• A. 노인 돌봄의 프로그램 = 110
• B. 노인 돌봄의 시설 = 118
• C. 노인 돌봄의 교회 프로그램 = 128
• Ⅴ. 노인 돌봄의 목회상담사례 = 136
• A. 노인 돌봄 프로그램 = 136
• B. 사례 분석 = 149
• C. 결과 = 170
• Ⅵ. 노인 돌봄의 과제와 교회적용 = 175
• A. 노인 돌봄을 위한 제도적 구조 = 175
• B. 노인 돌봄을 위한 자원 확보 = 180
• C. 노인의 행복추구의 기회 제공 = 185
• Ⅶ. 결론 = 190
• A. 요약 및 결론 = 190
• B. 전망 = 192
• C. 적용 = 193
• 참고문헌 = 196
• ABSTRACT = 203
• 부록 = 208