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      명령과 복종의무의 형법규범적 내용과 한계 : 「군형법」제44조 항명죄를 중심으로 = Content and limit of an obedience duty in military law

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      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T11436558

      • 저자
      • 발행사항

        서울 : 건국대학교, 2008

      • 학위논문사항

        학위논문(박사) -- 건국대학교 대학원 , 법학과 , 2008

      • 발행연도

        2008

      • 작성언어

        한국어

      • KDC

        391.64 판사항(4)

      • DDC

        343.01 판사항(21)

      • 발행국(도시)

        서울

      • 형태사항

        iv, 258 p. ; 26 cm

      • 일반주기명

        참고문헌: p. 244-255

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      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

      This article discusses §44 of Korean 「Military Criminal Law」, mutiny. In Korea, mutiny is considered ‘rebelling against or not following the justifiable orders of a military superior’. In Korea, the military has gained power through the Korean War and military dictatorship. Additionally, the North/South Korean armistice gave the military an absolute role as the keeper of South Korea. This status of authority has played a large role in limiting the basic legal rights of soldiers.
      Thus, the §44 of 「Military Criminal Law」 did not allow the protection of soldiers against unjustifiable orders of their superiors nor of their basic legal rights. The function of the law was to protect the authority of orders of superiors and their right of command. This paper seeks to analyze the “mutiny” against the Criminal Law to deconstruct the national loyalty ideology of Korean 「Military Criminal Law」.
      The modern meaning of the criminal law's role transitioning from protecting the right of punishment of the government to limiting its right to punishment is that as the nation was unable to overlook and silence all the problems that occurred as it exercised unlimited rights of punishment. Thus modern criminal laws must exercise its compelling power in the minimal necessary domain. Analysis of the military criminal law cannot escape this principle as well. If the order of rank and commands of superiors can be forced to be carried out through disciplinary punishment, the criminal law must boldly review its function and must not be applied. With this purpose, this paper is constructed in the following structure.

      The second chapter attempts the basic understanding of the military criminal law before discussing the mutiny. The military law must not be interpreted through logics of military politics but through the general principle of criminal law. In this process, it will be confirmed that the purpose of military criminal law and military disciplinary punishment has separate purposes.
      And, the conceptual framework of the elements of the mutiny will be reinterpreted. The elements of the mutiny are: the subject is the ‘soldier’, the object is the ‘superior's order’, the action is ‘mutiny (rebellion and disobedience)’, and a subjective element is ‘intent’. Chapter 2 also especially discusses ‘the benefit and protection of the law’(Rechtsgut). If the ‘superior’ or the ‘command of the superior’, and ‘execution of military purpose duties’ are ‘the benefit and protection of the law’ will be investigated. The previous benefit of the mutiny(§44 of Military Criminal Law) was widely understood as, ‘the establishment of rights to command and the maintenance and ascension of fighting power’. Here, the establishment of right to command was believed to begin with the absolute obedience towards the commands of superiors, thus it played the role of protecting commands of superiors. However, this paper focuses on the ‘execution of military purpose duties’ aspect of the law. Thus realization that the mutiny needs the ‘intent’ to use disobedience to resist military purpose duties is achieved.
      The 3rd chapter investigates in depth the most critical element of the mutiny, 󰡒justifiable command󰡓, If the meaning of ‘justifiable command’ is established, the range and limits of the ‘commands’ of superiors is also established. ‘Justifiable command’ signifies that the formality and content is legal and reasonable. Thus a command must be justifiable in itself, and must not be unlawful. Thus, ‘commands unjustifiable but with binding force’ that are discussed in Korean law cannot exist. Thus in such situations the question is discusses if it is an ‘unlawful’ command and ‘justifiable’ disobedience.
      The 4th chapter establishes the penal limits of submission of the subject of the mutiny, the subordinate. The basis of the duty of obedience must not be found in the ‘command’ but within the ‘justification’ within the command. Thus, the duty of submission does not apply to the subordinate for unjustifiable commands. Also, types of solutions that exist within the structure of the mutiny law will be searched for the question of existence and errors against the justification of the content of the command of the superior.
      Finally, the 5th chapter will confirm that the mutiny has not be interpreted through the principles of interpretation of the Criminal law but has been arbitrarily interpreted for the purposes of the military. Furthermore, for the protection of the human rights of soldiers interpretation of the §44 mutiny must be changed, and for legislative perspectives the §44 mutiny must be revised.
      번역하기

      This article discusses §44 of Korean 「Military Criminal Law」, mutiny. In Korea, mutiny is considered ‘rebelling against or not following the justifiable orders of a military superior’. In Korea, the military has gained power through...

      This article discusses §44 of Korean 「Military Criminal Law」, mutiny. In Korea, mutiny is considered ‘rebelling against or not following the justifiable orders of a military superior’. In Korea, the military has gained power through the Korean War and military dictatorship. Additionally, the North/South Korean armistice gave the military an absolute role as the keeper of South Korea. This status of authority has played a large role in limiting the basic legal rights of soldiers.
      Thus, the §44 of 「Military Criminal Law」 did not allow the protection of soldiers against unjustifiable orders of their superiors nor of their basic legal rights. The function of the law was to protect the authority of orders of superiors and their right of command. This paper seeks to analyze the “mutiny” against the Criminal Law to deconstruct the national loyalty ideology of Korean 「Military Criminal Law」.
      The modern meaning of the criminal law's role transitioning from protecting the right of punishment of the government to limiting its right to punishment is that as the nation was unable to overlook and silence all the problems that occurred as it exercised unlimited rights of punishment. Thus modern criminal laws must exercise its compelling power in the minimal necessary domain. Analysis of the military criminal law cannot escape this principle as well. If the order of rank and commands of superiors can be forced to be carried out through disciplinary punishment, the criminal law must boldly review its function and must not be applied. With this purpose, this paper is constructed in the following structure.

      The second chapter attempts the basic understanding of the military criminal law before discussing the mutiny. The military law must not be interpreted through logics of military politics but through the general principle of criminal law. In this process, it will be confirmed that the purpose of military criminal law and military disciplinary punishment has separate purposes.
      And, the conceptual framework of the elements of the mutiny will be reinterpreted. The elements of the mutiny are: the subject is the ‘soldier’, the object is the ‘superior's order’, the action is ‘mutiny (rebellion and disobedience)’, and a subjective element is ‘intent’. Chapter 2 also especially discusses ‘the benefit and protection of the law’(Rechtsgut). If the ‘superior’ or the ‘command of the superior’, and ‘execution of military purpose duties’ are ‘the benefit and protection of the law’ will be investigated. The previous benefit of the mutiny(§44 of Military Criminal Law) was widely understood as, ‘the establishment of rights to command and the maintenance and ascension of fighting power’. Here, the establishment of right to command was believed to begin with the absolute obedience towards the commands of superiors, thus it played the role of protecting commands of superiors. However, this paper focuses on the ‘execution of military purpose duties’ aspect of the law. Thus realization that the mutiny needs the ‘intent’ to use disobedience to resist military purpose duties is achieved.
      The 3rd chapter investigates in depth the most critical element of the mutiny, 󰡒justifiable command󰡓, If the meaning of ‘justifiable command’ is established, the range and limits of the ‘commands’ of superiors is also established. ‘Justifiable command’ signifies that the formality and content is legal and reasonable. Thus a command must be justifiable in itself, and must not be unlawful. Thus, ‘commands unjustifiable but with binding force’ that are discussed in Korean law cannot exist. Thus in such situations the question is discusses if it is an ‘unlawful’ command and ‘justifiable’ disobedience.
      The 4th chapter establishes the penal limits of submission of the subject of the mutiny, the subordinate. The basis of the duty of obedience must not be found in the ‘command’ but within the ‘justification’ within the command. Thus, the duty of submission does not apply to the subordinate for unjustifiable commands. Also, types of solutions that exist within the structure of the mutiny law will be searched for the question of existence and errors against the justification of the content of the command of the superior.
      Finally, the 5th chapter will confirm that the mutiny has not be interpreted through the principles of interpretation of the Criminal law but has been arbitrarily interpreted for the purposes of the military. Furthermore, for the protection of the human rights of soldiers interpretation of the §44 mutiny must be changed, and for legislative perspectives the §44 mutiny must be revised.

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      목차 (Table of Contents)

      • 제1장 서론 = 1
      • 제1절 연구의 목적 = 1
      • I. 「군형법」에 대한 형법학적 접근 = 3
      • II. 형법원리에 충실한 항명죄 해석 = 5
      • III. 명령의 구체화와 복종의무의 한계 설정 = 7
      • 제1장 서론 = 1
      • 제1절 연구의 목적 = 1
      • I. 「군형법」에 대한 형법학적 접근 = 3
      • II. 형법원리에 충실한 항명죄 해석 = 5
      • III. 명령의 구체화와 복종의무의 한계 설정 = 7
      • 제2절 연구의 범위와 방법 = 9
      • I. 선행연구 = 9
      • II. 연구의 범위 = 11
      • 제3절 연구의 내용 = 14
      • 제2장 항명죄의 의의와 보호법익 - 민주주의에서의 「군형법」의 재해석을 위해 = 18
      • 제1절 “정치형법”에서 “특별형법”으로의 전환 = 18
      • I. 정치형법으로서 종래의 군형법 = 18
      • 1. 체제의 방어막으로써 정치형법 = 18
      • 2. 한국 「군형법」의 비민주성과 군정치형법 = 23
      • II. 민주주의국가에서 요구되는 형법원리와 군형법 = 28
      • 1. 죄형법정주의와 군형법 = 28
      • 2. 군인의 기본권(양심)에 대한 「군형법」의 보장 = 30
      • 제2절 군징계와 「군형법」의 구별 = 32
      • I. 행정작용과 형법의 관계 = 32
      • 1. 행정법과 형법의 독자성 = 33
      • 2. 의무이행확보 수단으로서의 형법 = 34
      • 3. 공무원에 대한 징계 = 35
      • 4. 징계벌과 형벌의 차이 = 36
      • II. 군형법과 형법 = 37
      • 1. 「군형법」의 의의 = 37
      • 2. 군형법과 형법과의 관계 = 41
      • 3. 군징계와 「군형법」의 관계 = 44
      • III. 「군형법」의 역사 = 58
      • 1. 국방경비법과 군형법 = 58
      • 2. 미국 「육군전시법」(Articles of War)와 미국 「군사법통일법전」(Uniform Code of Military Justice)의 한국 「군형법」에 대한 영향 = 60
      • 3. 독일 군형법 = 62
      • 제3절 항명죄의 의의 = 64
      • I. 항명죄의 의의와 구성요건요소 = 64
      • 1. 항명죄와 구성요건의 체계 = 64
      • 2. 항명죄의 변형적 구성요건 = 99
      • II. 독일의 항명죄와 한국 항명죄의 비교 = 103
      • 제4절 항명죄의 보호법익 = 105
      • I. 형벌에 있어서 보호법익의 필요성 = 105
      • II. 보호법익과 죄형법정주의의 적정성의 원칙 = 107
      • III. 항명죄의 보호법익으로서의 “군사적 직무집행 실현” = 109
      • 1. 징계에 의한 지휘체계 보호와 형법의 최후성의 원칙 = 109
      • 2. 명령자체와 군조직의 지휘계통에 대한 「군형법」상 항명죄의 보호법익 여부 = 111
      • IV. 항명죄의 보호대상으로서의 군대의 군사적 직무집행 = 116
      • 1. 군사적 직무집행의 의의 = 116
      • 2. 보호정도 = 120
      • 제3장 항명죄에서의 정당한 명령의 의의와 내용 = 123
      • 제1절 행위객체로서 정당한 명령 = 123
      • I. 명확성의 원칙과 ‘명령’ 개념 확정 = 123
      • 1. 「군인복무규율」에서의 명령(최광의의 명령) = 123
      • 2. 명령위반죄의 “정당한 명령 및 규칙”의 의미(광의의 명령) = 124
      • 3. 항명죄의 “정당한 명령”의 의미(협의의 명령) = 128
      • II. 소결 = 133
      • 제2절 항명죄에서 명령의 구체적 요건 = 134
      • I. 명령관계의 존재와 특정된 수명자 = 135
      • 1. 명령관계의 필요성 = 135
      • 2. 법률에 근거한 명령권한의 필요성 = 136
      • 3. 명령권한의 범위 내일 것 = 138
      • 4. 특정된 수명자 = 140
      • II. 군사적 직무목적의 실행을 위할 것 = 141
      • 1. 군사적 직무목적의 필요성 = 141
      • 2. 군사적 직무목적의 범위 = 144
      • III. 적법하고 적정할 것 = 147
      • 1. 적법한 절차에 의할 것 = 148
      • 2. 적법한 수단으로 명확히 전달될 것 = 150
      • 3. 적정한 내용일 것 = 152
      • IV. 특정한 행위의 요구 = 157
      • 제3절 항명죄에 있어서 “정당한” 명령의 의미와 “위법하지만 구속력 있는 명령”에 대한 비판 = 160
      • I. 항명죄의 “정당한 명령”의 의미 = 161
      • 1. 형식적 적법성을 강조하는 견해 = 161
      • 2. 명령자체에 내재하는 속성으로서의 정당성 = 163
      • 3. 정당한 명령의 효과 = 164
      • II. 부하의 정당성 판단 심사여부 = 166
      • III. “위법하지만 구속력 있는 명령”의 논의 = 170
      • 1. “위법하지만 구속력 있는 명령”의 근거 = 171
      • 2. “위법하지만 구속력 있는 명령”의 논의에 대한 비판 = 173
      • 제4장 부하의 복종의무의 효과와 구체적 한계 = 177
      • 제1절 항명죄에서 부하의 복종의무 근거 = 177
      • 제2절 요건을 결한 명령에 대한 복종의무 발생여부 = 185
      • I. 정당화 사유에 의한 “요건을 결한 명령”의 정당성 회복 = 185
      • II. 복종의무자인 부하의 법적 지위와 한계 = 186
      • 1. 항명행위의 체계적 지위 = 186
      • 2. 명령에 복종한 경우의 부하의 법적 지위 = 189
      • 3. 독일의 경우 = 198
      • 제3절 수명자의 내적 양심에 의한 복종의무의 한계 = 201
      • I. 양심과 양심실현의 비강제성 = 202
      • II. 국가로부터 독립된 양심의 보호범위 = 205
      • III. 부하의 양심에 반하는 명령에 대한 항명 책임 = 207
      • 제4절 명령과 관련한 착오와 명령실행으로 인한 불법행위의 문제 = 216
      • I. 명령에 대한 착오의 문제 = 217
      • 1. 착오로 명령에 항명한 경우 = 221
      • 2. 착오로 복종하여 불법행위를 실행한 경우 = 228
      • II. 기대가능성과 강요된 행위 = 232
      • 제5장 결론 = 237
      • 참고문헌 = 244
      • ABSTRACT = 256
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