韓國 自然葬의 活性化 方案에 관한 硏究 = (A) study on measures to activate natural funeral in Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The natural funeral represents the significance of death that people feel, their view of the world, and their willpower. The natural funeral, renowned as a new and modern funeral method, is not only an environment-friendly funeral but also a social and cultural custom. Thus, we need to study about the view of death, the view of the world, and characteristics of the society or culture which yielded the new style of funeral. Through the study, we can learn which points of the natural funeral were highlighted by people today and what they need and desire spiritually before death.
I attempted to examine such various subjects focusing on the natural funeral in this study.
Because the natural funeral has not yet been institutionalized nor formalized, I focused mostly on its genesis and the present circumstance. In other words, I got to dig into the more social and cultural matter of why the natural funeral was rediscovered now, instead of studying the practical limits of the system.
The remarkable points of this article are as follows;
Firstly, the natural funeral is rooted in the belief that we should go back the nature as we were born from nature and we should not harm the nature when we go back to our origin. And this method is rather advanced funeral method which has been adopted and commonly executed in more industrialized countries.
Secondly, I examined the major issues about the natural funeral which have currently been discussed. I considered a definition of the natural funeral, type, introduction and its purpose. In addition, I examined the limits of the funeral system, scattering bones which was discussed as an alternative of laying ashes, and the natural funeral in a narrow sense such as burying under a tree or flowers.
Thirdly, I exemplified some foreign and the domestic cases to help your understanding about the natural funeral. By studying many cases and points such as world funeral, where they execute the natural funeral, and how much the system has changed over the time, I could see that the varied natural funerals have common in the point that human should come from the nature and return to the nature and most of those countries have such long history with cremation and the natural funeral
Fourth, I studied why the natural funeral became a hot issue these days despite of its long history.
Through discussions on the characteristics of the modern society, I attempted to find a correlation between death and the social changes. To dig into the matter, I examined the social changes, environmental changes and the systemic changes and learned that those categories are organically correlated. I saw that people today are rather cool about their death while not being prepared for their death. In other words, since the traditional customs are social systems being faded away, the state has to establish a system to replace them. The extinction among different generations occurred by the aging of the society and low birth rate may affect on death issue, and individuals require their rights to control or choose the way of funeral. Furthermore, as people today pay more attention to the environments, a new system to accept their needs has to be created.
Fifth, I conducted a questionnaire to verify my suggestions mentioned above and examined the relevant policies regarding those issues.
Sixth, through the studies, I aimed to draw suggestions and conclusions to develop and spread the natural funeral in the future.
As forementioned, I found that the natural funeral is preferred by people who are against the upscale and consumptive funeral but want to return to where they are from without leaving any trace or symbolic mark such as a grave. In the circumstance which funeral became a formality so that it cannot meet different requirements of individuals, they want to have and enjoy the right to select the way they meet their death.
In near future, our society will become an aging society and try to regard death in new aspect. Then the voices which claim for variety will get louder. According to the tendency, death will be regarded as more private issue so that more people will choose the way of funeral they want, regardless of their descendants.
Many Korean people think that their or their ancestors' trace or symbol must be seen for 50～60 years after their death, however, more young people doubt why it should remain for such a long time. And that is the heart of the bone-scattering funeral. Instead of expecting their descendants to memorize their death through a great funeral, they rather prefer to prepare to go back to the nature by himself or herself.
People would like to seek something new about their death and make a plan for their final moment, and will not be obliged to follow the old custom and traditions. Thus, green funeral in Korea should be flexible for the changing circumstances based on the modernity.
However, even as now, the natural funeral obviously reveals its limit. Although the society will be even more rapidly pluralized, the newly introduced natural funeral is quite restricted even not to include a variety of bone-scattering funerals which are currently practised in some countries. For example, ocean funeral, the original bone scattering method, bone scattering in a property, space funeral, and bone scattering from a helicopter to a special place in his/her memory are not regarded as the natural funeral since its legal foundation is still very weak.
When we introduce green funeral which was started and executed in foreign countries to our country, we need to transform it to be suitable for our philosophy and systems. And we have to question ourselves if we are ready to accept it as a funeral system. Otherwise, we will have to expand a lot to systemize it or introduce other funeral methods if it is abolished one day.
The natural funeral should be customized for us and our culture, thus we need to see the system not only in aspect of law or system but also in aspect of culture. The time which is required to find an answer for the question will be the course to find our way about who we are and how we will face our death.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제1장 서론 = 1
• 제1절 연구배경 및 목적 = 1
• 제2절 연구범위와 방법 = 3
• 1. 연구범위 = 3
• 2. 연구방법 = 5
• 제2장 자연장의 이론적 배경 = 8
• 제1절 죽음에 대한 논거 = 8
• 1. 전통상례 제도 = 8
• 2. 전통상례 변화 = 11
• 3. 전통상례 죽음관 = 12
• 4. 사회적 변화 = 15
• 제2절 자연장 정의 및 유형 = 18
• 1. 자연장 정의 = 18
• 2. 자연장 종류 및 분류 = 25
• 제3절 자연장 전통 및 제도도입 타당성 = 31
• 1. 자연장 역사 = 31
• 2. 자연장제도 도입 필요성 = 46
• 제4절 선행연구 고찰 = 48
• 제5절 연구 분석의 틀 = 53
• 제3장 자연장의 실태분석 = 57
• 제1절 우리나라 자연장제도 운영실태 = 57
• 1. 장사 등에 관한 법률 = 57
• 2. 장사시설 현황 분석 = 63
• 3. 자연장 운영 사례 = 68
• 제2절 주요국 자연장 운영실태 = 71
• 1. 독일 = 71
• 2. 일본 = 73
• 3. 미국 = 76
• 4. 스웨덴 = 78
• 5. 영국 = 80
• 제3절 각국 자연장 운영실태 비교 분석 = 81
• 1. 장사문화 의식비교 = 81
• 2. 자연장 관리 및 운영비교 = 84
• 제4절 자연장의 분석 = 87
• 1. 사회적 분석 = 87
• 1) 사회적 여건변화 = 87
• 2) 죽음의식 변화 = 91
• 2. 환경적 분석 = 97
• 1) 묘지와 위생문제 = 97
• 2) 현대문명과 생태문제 = 102
• 3. 제도적 분석 = 107
• 1) 제도적 환경변화 = 107
• 2) 장사제도의 성격 = 114
• 제4장 자연장 문제점 및 활성화 방안 = 120
• 제1절 자연장 문제점 = 120
• 1. 사회적 측면 = 120
• 1) 장법의 문제점 = 120
• 2) 지역이기주의 = 124
• 2. 환경적 측면 = 127
• 1) 묘지 비효율성 = 127
• 2) 분묘개장과 환경오염 = 129
• 3) 생태환경 문제 = 131
• 3. 제도적 측면 = 133
• 1) 장사제도 보완 = 133
• 2) 정부역할 확대 = 137
• 제2절 자연장의 활성화 방안 = 138
• 1. 사회적 측면 = 138
• 1) 죽음의 전망과 활성화방안 = 138
• 2) 죽음교육 활성화 = 146
• 2. 환경적 측면 = 147
• 1) 묘지재개발 = 147
• 2) 환경교육장 역할 = 148
• 3. 제도적 측면 = 151
• 1) 자연장 제도개선 = 151
• 2) 한국자연장 모델 개발 = 155
• 제5장 결론 = 159
• 참고문헌 = 163
• Abstract = 176
• 부록 = 181