근대계몽기 단형서사의 미디어성에 대한 연구 = A study on the medium traits of the short narratives in the period of modern enlightenment in Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The characteristics of the short narratives in the period of modern enlightenment in Korea have been up to the present examined by the perspective and method of medium187). That perspective seems to result from the different methodological approach that the language medium of the narratives in the period of modern enlightenment was compounded with the oral and the written[literal], but it has been identified in the process of demonstration that the oral were seen much more in the narratives.
‘The understanding of medium’ helps this thesis put literature the other way from the bottom help perspectives and methods to access the nature of. Even 187) The predicate, ‘medium’ in this thesis quotes Marshall McLuhan's concepts(Marshall McLuhan. Understanding Media : The Extensions of Man. new introduction by Lewis H. Lapham. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 1994. ; Marshall McLuhan & Quentin Fiore. The Medium is the Massage : An Inventory of Effects. renewed. Produced by Jerome Agel. Corte Madera, CA: Gingko Press. 2001.) though a large number of researches have tried to examine the narratives including the short narratives in the period of modern enlightenment, they seem to have difficulties to find out how to approach the modern novel because they might separate the language medium which was thought to be the parents of the literature(modern novel). It may not be too much to say that. The difficulties may result from the lack of translation among medium(the oral and the literal) which is by all means required, when the oral narratives and the literal ones[the modern novel] are related to each other.
This thesis has focused on the literature which used to be called the short narratives in the period of modern enlightenment, the Korean literature among literature, which are thought to be overlooked by research literature. However, the research questions examined in this thesis are not limited to the short narratives. By all appearances, this thesis looks like to discuss the short narratives, but the perspectives and methods examining the research questions have been more focused on the language medium. These points of view will be explained in details by a variety of predicates which will be conceptualized in this thesis.; the oral medium and the literal medium as the medium of narratives, the short narratives in the period of modern enlightenment as the medium of the oral narrative and the literal narrative, the short narratives in the period of modern enlightenment as the medium of narratives or literature, and so on.
The research questions of this thesis and the theory to prove them would have been discussed by such conception and predicates. The short narratives in the period of the modern enlightenment are literal in form, but they are in fact composed of the oral medium. The narrative medium of the short narratives is the oral medium! From this point of view, the relationship between the short narratives and the modern novels in Korean literature may be explained to the understandable level; that is, this thesis tries to explain the relationships into scalability and resistibility of narrative.
The narrative medium was the oral, but what made possible the narratives was the all the new facts or knowledge. It has been identified that the real world is extended to the every possible area by means of letter in the period of the modern enlightenment. The real world is also made in time and space which the narratives is made of. However, it seems to reveal unfamiliar forms in 'experiential fabrication(경험적 허구GyeongHeomJeok HeoGoo)' or 'probability(蓋然 性GaeYeonSeong)'. It takes a form of message(傳言JeonEon) in not only the fact but also fabrication. The reason that it took this medium traits might be influenced by the characteristics of news media. It has been reported in the research literature that examines ‘realization(實在化SilJaeHwa)’which is little bit different from the reality often mentioned in literature. This is because it took a form that the then recipients thought the contents of the narratives are real; that is, it was a matter of recipients’ decision of whether the contents of the narratives were real rather than of whether news are factual or fictional.
Even though this point of view may be misunderstood that it conflicts with the resistance against ‘experiential fabrication’, there are classified strata between the two concepts. What the recipients are used to experiential fabrication means that they are able to process the plausible stories and accept them naturally. However, the process of realization is to make recipients believe the fact no matter whether the fact is true or fabricated. The realization provided by the short narratives in the period of modern enlightenment in Korea to readers who are exposed to today’s well-developed narratives or literary works, may feel so simple that it would reduce the feelings about reality. This phenomenon may explain the extent to which the well fabricated narratives will be more effective in persuading recipients or readers than the narratives which poorly describes the fact. The effect of realization may be estimated by researchers even though it is unnecessary, but the judgment about the realization is up to the recipients who had a contact with the short narratives.
A number of researches or researchers have asked questions described above in the research literature where a certain period, genre, form, author, etc are discussed. However, there arises a question whether all texts or works related to them must be included in the discussion. It seems to be believed that the efforts may be called as ‘distorted positivism.’ It is not appropriate to ask such questions unless the items take a role of showing a development figure or unless it is a preparatory work for establishing a pattern of a literature being criticized in this thesis. All texts or works are related to them once the basic attribute is established as the standard. This is not saying, however, that the positivistic analysis about texts or works must be passed over. As strengthen in the discussion of this perspective, there have been so many occasions that texts or scripts redefine theories as those which theories explain the literature.
Literature has language as medium in it, but the fact that it is possible for language to have literature as medium seems to provide in various ways the questions that must be examined in the research literature. This may be the most interesting and basic points in the study of literature. As it were, literature and language have the correlated medium traits. If described more precisely, it is a cause and effect. In spite of the fact, the study of literature has contributed to the fields forgotten the importance of language such as psychology, history, social study, etc. It has rather published research literatures which overlook the importance of literature itself. To make thing worse, then, by doing so, the study of literature has come to the point that it is said that literature falls into crises. Despite the evidence that the plenty of literature has been increased in these days when the owners of the literature media, especially electronic media, are diversified, some of the researchers have sentenced that literature is in a critical condition. Of course, these diagnose of researchers about literature may differ based upon individual researchers’ viewpoints. A plain truth, however, literature is still in good condition. Literature can not help being considered to stop working in the perspectives that emphasize and focus heavily on letter. It may be true in that letter has lost its status as a mass media. From this viewpoint, the thought of ‘powerful influence’ of literature in the time past has been reconsidered. The literature in the period of forming the modern literal culture is the knowledge itself (Over the length and breadth of knowing, a footnote 50) and the foundation of every culture. It is thought that this commanding influence of literature had continued until 1980. Even though all literature publications that had been published are not listed here, the commanding influence of literature can be felt in the quarterly Changjak-kwa-Bipyung(「창작과 비평」) or Moonhak-kwa-Jisung(「문학과 지성」). Howe- ver, it may not appropriate to have an attitude that the commanding influence of literature and letter was a great accomplishment acquired through literature in ‘the time of literature Renaissance.’ That attitude seems to be self-contradiction that a large number of literature studies commit. It is because the great accomplishment of literature result to a great degree from the actuation of mass media, letter rather than the response to the content of literature as the study of literature keeps insisting; that is, it is true that literature took an important role in the time past because of mass media, letter had dominating effect, not because of the dynamic of literature itself.
In a sense, this thesis may contribute to the study of literature by reminding of the importance of integrating language and introducing reunion of both at the time that language remains only as a rhetorical expression, not as the nature of literature.
What literal medium accomplished in literature may not be fully explained by the mere word of ‘accomplishment'. It must be rather emphasized that letter has distorted and undermined to a great degree ‘the nature of literature’ which can be felt by a sense of existentialism. In this perspective, it is important to recognize that Literature Renaissance, especially literal literature Renaissance of which everyone is proud is closely related to the product of the literal culture. At this point, the way to finding the nature of literature can begin.
It requires researchers of thinking seriously about the relationship between literature and letter. The study of literature has not discussed about this issue in part because the relationship is considered to be too easy or sometime crystal clear. To the questions of ‘Is literature superior to medium?’ ‘Is letter above medium?’ and ‘Are they have the corelational medium traits to each other?’ this thesis assume that literature is above medium. This assumption is possible only under the proposition that literature is still alive real thing. This assumption is also made possible by reminding of Humbolt’s philosophical proposition of language, “Language utilizes unlimitedly finite media.” In other words, the question is 'What has the corelationship with language essentially?' If the answer to the question compels to choose between ‘letter’ and ‘literature,’ it is unnecessary to discuss further whether it be letter or literature. However, if literature is considered to have power of life, what has the corelational medium traits between language is the literature. However, the study of literature has set up literature as a medium of letter.
The contemporary electronic media such as TV, movie, cell phone, internet and its related products as well as convergence media combined those electronic medias helps awaken to the fact that the study of literature suffers Alzheimer. The awakening can be spread over not only literature but also the study of humanities which used letter as a main medium in its study. Accordingly, the importance and task of literature must be emphasized. Even if it sounds extreme expression, the study of literature keeps forgetting itself, its identity which is language and the nature of literature. ♣

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 논문은 근대계몽기 단형서사가 지닌 전환기 서사로서의 성격에 주목하여 선행 연구들을 비판적으로 이해하였고, 그 전환의 본질을 규명하기 위하여 미디어에 입각한 연구의 시각과 방법을 도입하였다. 그렇게 하여 단형서사의 ‘미디어성’이 주제로서 개념화되었으며, 거기에서 파생한 개념ㆍ술어들을 바탕으로 세 가지 중심 논제를 설정하였다(Ⅰ장). 그것들에 대한 분석에 앞서 근대계몽기 커뮤니케이션과 언어 미디어의 특성을 논의하였다. 지식이 넘쳐나고 커뮤니케이션 욕구가 비약적으로 증가하였으며, 문자 미디어가 개방되고 수평적 커뮤니케이션이 지향되었으나, 그 문자 미디어-한글문은 여러모로 불안정하였다. 특히 그 작자들이 문자 미디어-한글문의 능숙한 구사자(驅使者)가 아니었다는 점, 근대계몽기 단형서사는 ‘완성품’이 아닌 ‘형성(과정)’의 시각과 방법으로 분석되어야 한다는 점이 강조되었다(Ⅱ장). 이어서 중심 논제들을 분석하였는데, 그 중 논문 전체의 논리 구조와 논제 간 위상에 있어서 ‘단형서사의 언어 미디어’에 대한 이해가 가장 중요하고 선행되어야 하였다.
첫째, ‘단형서사의 언어 미디어’를 분석하였다. 그 정지(整地) 작업으로서 구술 미디어와 문자 미디어의 성격을 이론적으로 대비하였다. 그러고서 근대계몽기 단형서사 언어 미디어의 성격을 구술성과 문자성으로 측정하였다. 문자성을 중심으로 하였는데, 구술성이 현저함을 알 수 있었다. 이어서 단형서사 텍스트에 내재(內在)한 구술 미디어의 실상을 ‘미디어 간 번역’(구술 미디어→문자 미디어)을 통하여, 구술 미디어의 특성에 입각한 종합적 분석을 통하여 제시하였다. 이상의 분석 결과를 간명(簡明)하게 표현하면, 근대계몽기 단형서사는 ‘문자의 외양(外樣)을 지닌 구술 서사’이다(Ⅲ장).
둘째, 근대계몽기 ‘신문매체의 미디어’로서 단형서사를 분석하였다. 이 과정에서는 신문이 개화ㆍ계몽의 전달에서 설득력을 최고조로 끌어올리기 위해 취했던 방식, 즉 커뮤니케이션의 목표를 ‘실재화(實在化)’로 개념화하였다. 서사 실재화의 소재는 역사와 이상(理想)에서 모두 취해졌으나, 이상 쪽으로 많이 기울어 있었다. 근대계몽기 신문의 커뮤니케이션 목적이 개화ㆍ계몽이었던 데에다, 역사에서 구해진 소재로 실재화를 달성하려면 일정한 수준의 서사 능력이 요구되는 까닭이라고 판단되었다. 이상을 실재화하려면 이상적 역할을 하는 주체와 그에 대한 객체가 어떤 식으로든 서사에 등장해야 했다. 인물로든, 우화된 동ㆍ식물로든 나타나야 했으며, 주체의 서사에 대한 객체의 수용은 수직적 구조 내지 수평적 구조를 이루고 있었다.
셋째, 앞의 두 중심 논제에 대한 분석을 바탕으로, 서사(문학)의 미디어로서 단형서사의 성격을 분석하였다. 그것은 서사적 확장성과 저항성으로 개념화되었는데, 문자로 매개되는 현실이 사실상 모든 범위로 확장되었다는 것과, 경험적 허구[개연성]에 대해서는 익숙하지 않았음을 의미한다. 분석 결과 ‘있었으면 하는 이야기’인 개화ㆍ계몽은 필히 허구화될 수밖에 없었으며, 그 허구화의 소재는 사실상 모든 것이었음을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 경험적 허구에 있어서는 익숙하지 않았는데, 사실이든 허구든 ‘전언(傳言)’의 방식을 고수하였으며, 이상에 현실을 대입하는 방식으로 우의적 수법이 활용되었던 점에서 그 근거를 찾을 수 있었다.
이 논문은 미디어에 입각한 시각과 방법으로 근대계몽기 단형서사의 언어 미디어를 분석하여 그 실체를 이해하고자 하였으며, 그 결과로부터 근대적 서사와의 비교 관점을 마련하고자 하였다. 따라서 근대계몽기 단형서사 → (신소설) → 근대소설의 도정(道程)을 일관된 시각으로 분석할 수 있는 근거를 마련할 수 있었다고 생각된다. 즉 그 도정은 문자 미디어-한글문이 자기 육체를 형성해 가는 과정이자, 구술 미디어의 영향에서 독립해 가는 과정이라 할 것이다.
이 논문은 언어 미디어로서 근대계몽기 단형서사를 분석하였던 까닭에, 이 과정에서 생성된 연구의 시각과 방법은, 다각적으로 확장ㆍ적용될 수 있으리라 생각된다. 그리고 문학과 언어가 갖는 본질적 관계는 ‘상호 미디어성’으로 표현될 수 있을 것이다. 그것은 문학이 언어의 미디어이고 언어가 문학의 미디어인 관계를 의미한다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 문제 인식과 연구 방법 = 1
• 1. 전환기 서사의 미디어성과 근대계몽기 단형서사 논의의 세 층위 = 1
• 2. 미디어에 입각한 시각과 방법의 필요성 = 13
• 3. 미디어(성)의 개념과 그 파생 및 적용 = 20
• Ⅱ. 근대계몽기 커뮤니케이션과 언어 미디어의 특징 = 26
• 1. 지식의 범람과 커뮤니케이션 욕구의 팽창 = 26
• 2. 문자 미디어의 개방과 수평적 커뮤니케이션의 지향 = 33
• 3. 문자 미디어-한글문의 불안정성 : 공간ㆍ수용자ㆍ작자 = 41
• 1) 근대계몽기 신문과 그 수용자에 입각한 분석 = 43
• 2) 작자(作者)에 입각한 분석 = 49
• Ⅲ. 단형서사 언어 미디어의 성격과 그 서사의 양상 = 59
• 1. 구술 미디어와 문자 미디어 = 59
• (1) 구술 미디어의 감각 통합과 문자 미디어의 감각 분리 = 62
• (2) 시각의 확장과 문자 미디어의 선명성 제고(提高) = 64
• (3) 구술 미디어의 유창성과 문자 미디어의 분석력-구성력 = 67
• (4) 구술 미디어의 기억력 : 언어의 규칙성과 구성ㆍ내용의 전형성 = 69
• (5) 구술 미디어의 현장성과 참여성 = 72
• 2. 단형서사 언어 미디어의 문자성과 구술성 = 75
• 1) 문자 미디어로서 ‘한글문’ㆍ‘한글 문장체’의 개념적 필요성 = 75
• 2) 단형서사 언어 미디어의 문자성과 구술성 = 80
• (1) 표기 미디어 차원 - 외형의 분석 = 81
• (2) 문자 미디어 차원 - 논리적 구성력의 분석 = 87
• 3. 단형서사 언어 미디어의 특성과 그 서사의 양상 = 91
• 1) 문자의 외양(外樣)을 지닌 구술 미디어 = 91
• 2) 단형서사에 내재한 구술 미디어의 실상 = 93
• (1) 미디어 간 번역을 통한 제시 = 94
• (2) 종합적 분석을 통한 제시 = 104
• Ⅳ. 단형서사의 커뮤니케이션 목적과 그 방식 = 112
• 1. 설득력의 제고와 서사의 실재화(實在化) = 112
• 2. 실재화의 소재(素材)와 방식 및 그 양상 = 119
• 1) 역사의 실재화 = 119
• 2) 이상(理想)의 실재화 = 123
• (1) 현실에 이상을 대입하는 경우 = 124
• ① 서사-수용의 수직적 구조 = 124
• ② 서사-수용의 수평적 구조 = 127
• (2) 이상에 현실을 대입하는 경우 - 우의적(寓意的) 수법과 실재화 = 129
• Ⅴ. 단형서사의 서사적 확장성과 저항성 = 132
• 1. 문자로 매개되는 현실 세계의 확장 = 132
• 2. 경험적 허구에 대한 저항성 = 138
• Ⅵ. 결론 : 근대계몽기 단형서사의 미디어성 = 146
• 참고문헌 = 152
• ABSTRACT = 170