In 1932, The Chosun Government-general started Agrarian Development Movement to deal with the impoverished conditions of the Chosun rural communities and the resulted political commotion. 'The Graduate Guidance' played a major role in training the rur...
In 1932, The Chosun Government-general started Agrarian Development Movement to deal with the impoverished conditions of the Chosun rural communities and the resulted political commotion. 'The Graduate Guidance' played a major role in training the rural backbones in charge of the movement in the rural communities. Therefore, the study on 'The Graduate Guidance' has great significance in understanding the colonial policy of The Chosun Government-general. This study focuses on the early stage where results of the prior studies are insufficient and studies the process of formation and spread of 'The Graduate Guidance' policy.In the 1920s, the Chosuns regarded Public Common School as a passage to higher social position and avoided engaging in agriculture after graduation. As it was a serious problem shaking the foundation of agricultural control system of The Chosun Government-general, it promoted education of practice course at Common School and Industry Supplementary School. However, with the percentage of elementary school attendance being quite low, the student attending Industry Supplementary School made it a chance to receive secondary education to be a salaried man. Therefore, the government and the school staffs reorganized Industry Supplementary School education system and tried to settle the young people in the rural community. In the process, 'The Graduate Guidance' which excludes the use of Industry Supplementary School system came out. Also, 'The Graduate Guidance' inherited the characteristic of protective censorship of thoughts against nationalism and communism from the existing 'The Graduate Guidance'.The two political goals were combined together with the 1928's reorganization of education system. It was as follows. One, training a student into a citizen by elaboration education. Two, winning the Chosuns over to the national system by way of extending the installations of Common Schools. Under the logic, 'training citizens by labor', 'The Graduate Guidance' policy had a new political goal to train rural backbones who were loyal to the nation and participated actively in local governance. It was a measure to win the Common School graduates over within the system.The actual guidance was practiced centered on actual training individually to the selected students outside the modern school education system and inside the domestic agricultural management. By it, the improvement of domestic agricultural productivity, revival of domestic economy and cultivation of personality were attempted. Unlike the Agrarian Development Movement period, in this process the focus was on 'training' rural backbones and limited to acquire the modeling effect that the guide student can have on other farmers. It was the result reflecting the failure of preceding 'Model Village Policy'.'The Graduate Guidance' policy was established thus and spread throughout Chosun with the 1st Council of the Graduate Guidance in 1929. However, after it was practically practiced throughout Chosun, the hidden problems started to reveal.To begin with, the characteristic of Graduate Guidance to train elite groups evoked jealous feelings among common graduates and farmers and guiding activity became difficult. Second, the policy to guide within the domestic management hindered the practices of actual people in charge, the school teachers, and at the same time required the training place be prepared at the guiding students' homes so that the qualification of guiding students were limited to ones who belonged to wealthy families. Also, as the guiding students' ages went younger, it became more difficult for them to acquire the leadership at their homes and revive the domestic economy. The policy to guide within the agricultural management became more unrealistic. Third, to save labor costs, teachers were enforced to do self-sacrificing engagements. However, it couldn't necessarily receive agreement from all teachers and demanded financial aid.The government didn't suggest effective measures for the problems. Local situations were ignored and the policy to individually guide selected guiding student was enforced. The government adhered to the early policy when it had to deal with the problems stemming from the policy guiding within the domestic agricultural management. As a result, the conflict between actual teachers and the group consisting of guiding student, parents and farmers worsened and the harmonious practice of 'Graduate Guidance' became difficult. Moreover, the government coldly refused the teachers' demand for budget and enforced them to more labor. Therefore, the teachers were in overworking conditions and lost their passion in curriculum education as well as elaboration education and social education.Thus 'The Graduate Guidance' in early days that were introduced before the Agrarian Development Movement had several problems. With them unsolved, the Agrarian Development Movement carried on and 'The Graduate Guidance' entered a new era.