This paper examines the means and the limitations North Korean youth migrants face as they strive to construct their own strategy in finding careers in South Korea. Since late 1990s', North Koreans have been leaving their own country. This is due to...
This paper examines the means and the limitations North Korean youth migrants face as they strive to construct their own strategy in finding careers in South Korea. Since late 1990s', North Koreans have been leaving their own country. This is due to globalization, economic changes in North Korea, development of migration industry and the desire of individuals and families wishing to improve their lives from poverty. Some of the migrants who left North Korea use their kinship network and live relatively stable lives in China. However, for those who have no kinship network, they had to endure poverty due to limited support. Those who leave North Korea become illegal migrants due to the political relationship between North Korea and China. The migrants residing in China hide their identities, live by cheap labor, and sometimes choose marriage as a means of living. If their lives are endangered by such harsh environment, they choose to migrate to South Korea to have a better social and economic status. From mid to late 1990s, the number of North Koreans migrating to South Korea has increased and as of 2007, it has reached to 10,000. The resettlement support system that South Korean government offers includes endowment of nationality, residence and resettlement fund. The influx of North Korean migrants had expected a warm welcome from their brother country, South Korea. However, North Korean migrants face prejudice in South Korea and experience difficulties in gaining economic and symbolic capital. Previous researches studying North Korean migrants failed to see their experiences from the subjective view of expectation and strategy in life. In addition, the studies had only focused on the characteristics of political relationship between North and South Korea, resulting in overlooking the matter of migration in the macro-context. This research approaches North Korean migration from a conception of 'forced migration'. As Castles(2003) suggested, the concept of forced migration renders us to see structural impact on migration. This paper focuses on the strategies of North Korean youth migrants in pursuing their lives through immigration. In this process, social context of each society interact with the migrant individuals. North Korean migrants in their 20’s and 30’s make up majority of North Korean migrants. It is also believed that youth tend to have wider life expectations and a greater chance at gaining various types of resources than people in other age groups. However, social network, inconsistency and inefficiency of governmental support, and exclusion by the society, limit the opportunities of the North Korean youths in acquiring their needs. In order to investigate these matters thoroughly, I conducted in-depth interviews with 11 North Korean youth migrants for six months since June 2007. Firstly, this paper begins with the political and economic approach of the North Korean youth migrants' initial processes in migration. Then it looks at the consistencies and consequences of social network in the process of migration. Secondly, the paper focuses on the strategies of the North Korean youth migrants in choosing university, work, marriage and re-immigration in interaction with social context of South Korea. Finally, it is discovered that they form alternative identity by negotiating between the two separate identities as South Korean and as North Korean. Surely, for the North Korean youth migrants this is not an easy process. As marginal migrants, they experience obstacles in piling up meaningful resources and making life plans. But they struggle and sometimes negotiate the realities with their status as a 'refugee'. This paper emphasizes to see the North Korean youth migrant as the social agents. Also it tries to explore the experiences migrant youths make in their career developments without representing them as victims of political relationship between the two countries, poverty and stigmatization. From the investigations, this research strives to describe the North Korean youth migrants as active subjects who perform various strategies in their life and career paths.