While abusing aged parents arises severe shocks to our society along with sympathy and criticism, most cases of abusing elders are done by their grown-up children or spouses. Reasons of abusing elders count for personal characters of abused elders and...
While abusing aged parents arises severe shocks to our society along with sympathy and criticism, most cases of abusing elders are done by their grown-up children or spouses. Reasons of abusing elders count for personal characters of abused elders and abusing children, relationship and circumstances of family and social structure. In order to understand all of the reasons and explain them completely, it is necessary to examine the process of family experiences between abusing children and abused parents. In order to understand abusing elders by grown up children, historic flow of family and dynamic view of the relationship among family members are required to examine rather than concentrating on the phenomenon of individual elder abuse events.
The purpose of this study is to develop a practice theory to understand the elder abuse that offending daughter-in-laws particularly experienced, and the process of it. Therefore, the research question of this study is "What is the process of abusing elders by daughters-in-law? ". The study has been carried out based on the Grounded Theory that Strauss and Corbin (1998) presented.
Participants of this Study consists of 5 people from the Seoul and Nationwide Elder Abuse Prevention Centers, and 1 people from the Community Welfare Center. They are at the age of 40th ~ 60th, and all live with their spouses and children. They have lived with the elders for 3 ~ 30 years. While interviews were held with them, 4 out of them were living with the elders while 2 were staying in an institution for the aged, or in a separate home. The ages of the elder people were from later half of 70th to later half of 90th. The elders abused were classified to one father-in-law, one grandmother-in-law and three mothers-in-law. Abusing types are neglect, verbal and emotional abuse, physical abuse and financial abuse. In terms of health status of the elders, three of them were able to walk while other three were hard to walk around.
Data has been collected from October 2005 to November 2006 with consents of interviewees. Details of the interviews were recorded, and then according to the procedures of the Ground Theory, analysis has been carried out with data collection simultaneously. Following the data analysis method suggested by Strauss and Corbin (1998), open coding was applied. At the stage of axial coding, category analysis and process analysis were made based on paradigms. In selective coding, the researcher identified core category, wrote a storyline, derived relationship of categories centering around the core category, and classified types and then established conditional matrix.
This Study derived 77 concepts, 35 sub-categories and 15 categories in open coding. As a result of the category analysis by the paradigm in axial coding, the causal conditions in the process of abusing elders by daughters-in-law were 'oppressive feeling', 'likely to die' and 'collapse of family'. A central phenomenon was 'push away' The contextual conditions that correspond to this phenomenon were 'wrong relationship', 'do not satisfy' and 'get tough'. The action/interaction strategies to control the phenomenon were 'endure', 'run away' and 'control'. The intervening conditions which facilitates action/reaction strategies were a 'supporting lug' and a 'shield'. The consequences were 'wrapped in mystery', 'find out a path toward survival' and 'recovering oneself'.
The daughter-in-law's process of abusing elders were understood in five phases; 'latent phase', 'endurance', 'escape', 'offending' and 'adjustment'. During the 'latent phase', daughters-in-law suffered from being abused and mistreated from elders and the family members of their husbands. During that phase, daughters-in-law wanted to rely on their husbands, but they didn't satisfy with their support. They were not strong enough to resist such abuses. So they just endure until they had enough strength and foundation. During the phase of 'endurance', daughters-in-law decided to leave elders alone, but kept basic support of them as the pressure of the elders got harder. At the phase of 'escape', the problem gets more complicated as elders resisted against the changed attitudes of their daughters-in-law or as sisters or brothers of their husbands took part in this problem. In the meanwhile, daughters-in-law tried to escape from this problem and find out themselves by converting their energies to social activities, childbirth or getting their own jobs. At the phase of 'offense', daughters-in-law, who felt the risk of collapsing their children and husbands under continued conflicts and crises, yelled out or fought against the elders, limited them to use of fixtures or spaces, or even committed violations. During the phase of 'adjustment', the offending daughters-in-law suffered from the problem which gets unsolved and more complicated, or put to practice any method which could be helpful both for themselves and the elders, or took actions to isolate the elders from them to overcome their lives.
In selective coding, core category appears to be 'taking offensive actions to keep the stronghold'. As a result of examining relationship among the categories which appeared continuously with core category as center, the elder abuse types of daughters-in-law are largely classified to "face-to-face confrontation type' that elder and daughter-in-law confront each other with equal strength, 'anger type' that daughter-in-law's anger and feeling of being mistreated rise and they suffer from the feeling of being victimized while pressure of elders is continued, 'endurance type' that daughter-in-law tries to endure the pressure of elders as they can control it, and 'hope type' that conflicts with elders are rapidly solved even though elder control is not possible.
Based on the findings from the study, in conclusion, the researcher argues the following points: First, with regard to start of elder abuse, the phase of 'escape' when daughter-in-law is reluctant or refuses to take care of elders is the start point of elder abuse. Second, core causes of elder abuse are influenced by the 'quality of relationship' that both elder and daughter-in-law experience in a family. Third, in connection with elder abuse, 'reverse of power' plays a significant role that daughter-in-law gets enough power to resist against and control elders. Forth, elder abuse gets harder by heavy burden of roles and conflict of roles of daughter-in-law in a family. Fifth, mediator of elder abuse is internal and external 'elder support inconsistency' between daughter-in-law and elder. Sixth, in terms of elder abuse prevention, elders favors unofficial supportive network. Seventh, the process of elder abuse is circulative, and gets accelerated to the state when 'elder control is not possible'. Eighth, the researcher pointed out that more systematic approach of 'official intervention' is necessary, and that two stages of intervention are required. Finally, the researcher attached a suggestion that all of the discussions mentioned in this study needs to be followed by continuous researches in social welfare theories, practices and policies.