용서가 분노에 미치는 영향 = (The) Effect of Forgiveness on Anger

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

So far, I have looked into the fact that it is possible to remove anger caused in the process of human relationship by examining theoretical studies and counseling examples. Those Christians who experienced God's forgiveness are able to give complete pardon to others, and then their traumas of anger can be healed. In an effort to deliberate on the matter I have pondered over the meaning of forgiveness based on the bible and psychological studies, concluding that the most powerful motivator of forgiveness is God.
Forgiveness can be categorized into three kinds according to the person who receives forgiveness ; one, forgiving the harmer ; two, forgiving oneself ; three, forgiving God. This means not only identifying that in all things God works for the good of those who love Him by reminding ourselves of God's forgiveness through Jesus Christ, but also recognizing again that forgiveness is not a thing we can choose but a must. By means of the process it can be proved that forgiveness is necessary for other people as well as for forgiver himself.
We should forgive the person who hurts us and makes us angry just because it is God's command. When a person forgives the harmer with all his heart, he experiences God's forgiveness and spiritual recovery because the grudge of anger is resolved. A complete forgiveness leads a person to live a fruitful life by regaining good human relationship as a child of God's to see the life of the forgiven.
Anger can be provoked by frustrated desires and innate aggressiveness, which is stronger than others'. Abnormality of the brain, childhood experiences, law-oriented teaching of the church, patriarchal system, low self-esteem, frustration, experience of unfairness or unrighteousness resulted from others' excessive expectation and one's own fear. All of these things can enrage a person too. Anger is the strongest negative experience a person has as a result of the deep and unrightful trauma he gets from human relationship with others. Of course, the Bible doesn't tell us that the emotion of anger is a sin. However, anger results in a significant sin when a person cannot cope with it properly and makes an unrighteous choice. In the Old Testament God's anger is caused by the two characteristics of Him, holiness and love. In the New Testament Jesus' anger is used to accomplish justice and love, which are God's will. Anger is not complaining. Jesus showed anger but it was not sinful. Almost all the people who are with trauma come to have negative emotions because of anger. When a person cannot forgive others who makes him angry, the anger destroys the people around him. He is trapped in his past and destroys his own body and personality, and he loses trust in other people.
As for the process of forgiveness concerning anger I have looked into Enright and Human Development Study Group's process of forgiveness, Charles Stanley's process of forgiveness and An Kyungsung's 6 step's of forgiveness.
An Kyungsung divided the process of forgiveness into 6 steps ; one, the process of valuation ; two, the processof love ; three, the process of invalidating compensation ; four, the process of trust ; five, the process of looking forward ;six, the process of thanksgiving. He suggests that forgiveness is completed and the anger from human relationship is cured through these six steps.
Finally, I have looked into effects of forgiveness on anger by examining counseling cases that are in relation with forgiveness. A man should know that he already has been forgiven by God. That is why I maintain that not refusing to forgive the harmer is very important in the healing, which forgiveness makes concerning anger. Men are created in the image of God. This fact enables a person to love the man who hurts him and gives him great pain because the harmer also is a precious man of Lord. In case of a man who has the experience of forgiving others, it can be observed that his anger decreases as he forgives the man who provokes him. This can be verified by examining counseling cases and using anger scale test. Therefore, Christian counseling, admitting the authority of the Bible and the practical power of praying, is a necessary and sufficient condition in healing anger. Of course there must be efforts to find various ways of healing anger.
The practical process of forgiveness concerning anger is accepting the man who makes me angry. This is possible by realizing that God forgave me completely. The process is making true reconciliation by seeing the harmer as a way of my own growth. Therefore, the recovery of human relationship broken by anger depends on God's forgiveness.
A man comes to experience the true forgiveness by recovering relationship with God. When he forgive other people, his trauma caused by anger can be healed. Forgiveness is the base of the relationship between men and God. Complete forgiveness brings reconciliation in the relationship among people because God forgives our sins. A Christian who has experienced God's forgiveness is able to forgive others and his anger can be healed. Therefore, restoring forgiveness is the best way of growing to maturity that God want men to reach and escaping from grudge and anger.
In these days, there are many people who suffer from being angry because they can't cope with their anger. The number of those people is increasing. They should recognize that God has already forgiven them. Then they will be able to remove the anger accumulated in their hearts, and will be able to be free from grudge and frustration. It is possible only for the man who hasexperienced vertical forgiveness from God to forgive his harmer because he has gratitude for Him. The man who has experienced forgiveness is able to know the true value of life and 'attain to the whole measurement of the fullness of Christ' by living a fruit life. It is the purpose of this thesis to help Christians to do so.
Suggestions for further studies
I, as a researcher, suggest the followings on the basis of this thesis.
First, the research I have performed is confined to the Christians of B church located in Daegu, and are not concerned with other clients. It's not proper to generalize the conclusion of this thesis. To extend and generalize the result of this thesis there should be more researches on the effects of forgiveness on anger through counseling various people in various regions.
Second, to decide whether counseling about forgiveness has effects on reducing anger I compared the scores of pre - anger test and post - anger test that the controled group and the experimental group had (table 3). Compared with the anger score that controled group recorded, that of the experimental group decreased in the post-anger test. By analyzing the post - anger test scores (table 4) I found out this fact ; the experimental group that participated in the counseling showed meaningful decreases of anger scores compared with the controled group that didn't participate. However, it's not a good idea to generalize the results to the whole people of the church because the groups are composed of only 8 people.
Third, the test used to measure the effect of the program is in equivalent form and the period of the test is a short term of 2 months. Carryout effects caused by repetitive exposure shouldn't excluded.
Finally, considering the limitations of this research, I suggest including more counseling cases and various forgiveness programs. More profound and positive researches on the effects of forgiveness should be performed. The range of clients need to be extended to include adolescents, youth, and the middle aged of the both sexes. Moreover, it's necessary to make forgiveness programs that can be usefully applied to the church.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
• A. 연구의 목적과 필요성 = 1
• B. 논지 = 3
• C. 연구의 방법과 방향 = 4
• Ⅱ. 용서의 의미 = 7
• A. 성경에서의 용서 = 7
• 1. 구약성경에서의 용서의 의미 = 7
• 2. 신약에서의 용서의 의미 = 9
• 3. 용서에 관한 예수님의 교훈 = 11
• 4. 하나님의 용서 = 13
• B. 심리학이론의 용서 = 16
• 1. 사고 구조의 조정과 용서 = 18
• 2. 대상 관계 이론과 용서 = 18
• 3. Enright의 용서의 의미 = 21
• Ⅲ. 용서의 종류 = 24
• A. 용서의 대상에 따른 분류 = 24
• 1. 가해자를 용서하기 = 24
• 2. 자신을 용서하기 = 26
• 3. 하나님을 용서하기 = 28
• B. 용서의 이유 = 30
• 1. 하나님께 책망받지 않음. = 31
• 2. 하나님의 용서를 체험. = 31
• 3. 영적인 치유. = 31
• Ⅳ. 분노 = 33
• A. 분노의 정의 및 내용 = 33
• 1. 분노의 개념 = 33
• B. 분노의 일반적 의미 = 35
• 1. 추동이론 = 35
• 2. 동물행동학적 이론 = 37
• 3. 학습이론 = 38
• 1) 조건화 이론 = 39
• 2) 사회적 학습이론 = 40
• 3) 생물학적 이론 = 41
• C. 성경에서의 의미 = 44
• 1. 구약에서의 의미 = 44
• 2. 신약에서의 의미 = 45
• 3. 하나님의 분노 = 46
• 4. 예수님의 분노 = 48
• 5. 사람의 분노 = 50
• Ⅴ. 분노를 일으키는 요인들 = 54
• A. 외적인 요인들 = 55
• B. 내적인 요인들 = 57
• 1. 완벽주의 = 57
• 2. 낮은 자존감 = 59
• 3. 좌절 = 61
• Ⅵ. 용서와 분노와의 관계 = 62
• A. 용서가 분노에 미치는 영향 = 62
• 1. 분노를 용서치 못할 때 일어나는 결과들 = 63
• a. 인간관계를 파괴한다. = 63
• b. 자신의 과거에 구속된다. = 64
• c. 자신의 육체와 인격을 파괴한다. = 64
• d. 신뢰감의 상실을 가져온다. = 65
• B. 용서의 과정 = 66
• 1. Enright의 용서의 단계들 = 67
• 2. 찰스 스탠리의 용서과정 = 69
• a. 용서되었음을 인식하라 = 69
• b. 빚을 용서하라 = 70
• c. 다른 사람을 있는 그대로 받아들이라 = 70
• d. 다른 사람을 성장의 도구로 바라보라 = 71
• e. 화해를 이루라 = 71
• 3. 사랑의 단계와 용서의 단계 = 72
• a. 첫 번째 단계 : 가치화 과정 = 72
• b. 두 번째 단계 : 사랑의 과정 = 73
• c. 세 번째 단계 : 보상 무효화 과정 = 73
• d. 네 번째 단계 : 신뢰의 과정, 관계를 회복하는 것 = 74
• e. 다섯 번째 단계 : 앞을 향한 과정 = 74
• f. 여섯 번째 단계 : 감사의 과정(관계를 다시 확증하기) = 74
• Ⅶ. 상담사례 연구 = 76
• A. 연구방법 = 76
• B. 상담사례1 = 81
• C. 상담사례2 = 88
• D. 사례3 = 96
• E. 사례 4 = 102
• Ⅷ. 결론 = 112
• A. 요약 및 결론 = 112
• B. 후속 연구를 위한 제언 = 115
• 참고문헌 = 117
• 부록 = 122
• ABSTRACT = 123