新羅下代 政治變動 硏究 = (A)study on the political changes during the late period of Silla

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Samguksaki(三國史記), which divides the history of Silla into three main periods, identifies the period from the inauguration of King Seondeok(宣德王), the 37th king of Silla, in 780 CE to the surrender of King Gyeongsun(敬順王) to Goryeo(高麗) in 935 CE as the Late Period of Silla. Most of the studies on the political history of the late Silla have largely focused on the individual changes in the political actors that occurred as results of the usurpation or the reign change. These studies, however, have failed to categorize the general patterns in the political changes that occurred throughout the late period of Silla, and have not made much of an effort to link their conclusions of historical recognition to the categorization of historical periods of Silla, let alone periods of the entire Korean history. This study, as a result, examined the main political changes that occurred throughout the 155 years of the Late Period of Silla, aiming to grasp the comprehensive reality of that particular period in Korean history.
Samguksaki(三國史記) made an emphasis on the transitional nature of the reign of King Seondeog(宣德王), the first king to mark the Late Period of Silla, while also attracting the reader's attention to the ascension of King Wonseong(元聖王) as the actual founder of that particular period. Sangdaedeung(上大等) Kim Gyeong-shin(金敬信) is said to have been much farther back in the chain of order to succeed the throne after King Seondeog(宣德王) died than his rival, Kim Ju-won(金周元), who belonged to the King Muyeol lineage(武烈王系), was. Kim Gyeong-shin(金敬信), however, rose to the throne through usurpation. In the process, he had Paegangjin(浿江鎭) as his supporter and claimed his title to Manpashikjeok(萬波息笛), a symbol of the divinity of the dynasty during its Middle Period of Silla.
A close study of the political changes that took place around the time of the ascension of King Minae(閔哀王), who stood in the middle of the struggles surrounding the succession of the throne during the Late Periodof Silla, reveals that Kim Myeong(金明), who was viewed as the only legitimate successor to the throne from the Ingyeom lineage(仁謙系), was identified as the most likely to succeed the throne after King Heungdeog(興德王) died. This contradicts the earlier studies on the same topic that argued that it was the Sandaedeung(上大等) who was assumed to inherit the throne if a king died without an heir. It was not Kim Gyun-jeong(金均貞), who was the Sandaedeung(上大等) when King Heungdeog(興德王) died, but Kim Myeong(金明) who was assumed to succeed the throne.
The conflicts surrounding the succession of the throne and crises wrought by usurpation that often accompanied military battles came to an end with the inauguration of King Shinmu(神武王) in 839 CE. The successions of the throne that followed after him until 935, the last year of Silla, took place relatively peacefully, with few violent conflicts. Kim Wui-hong(金魏弘)'s role as the key player to consolidate social stability under the reign of King Heangang(憲康王) drew much attention, while it was also revealed that the Silla society right before Queen Jinseong(眞聖女王) rose to the throne was rather more peaceful than it became after her ascension. It was based on his achievements before the queen came along that Kim Wui-hong(金魏弘) was able to seize the power during the early years of Queen Jinseong(眞聖女王)'s reign. The personal relationship between the two, however, needs more historical verification.
The process of collapse of the state system in Silla that began with a peasants' riot in the third year of Queen Jinseong(眞聖女王)'s reign shows how the peasants' resistance against the government, faced with the threat to the peasantry's survival from a set of natural disasters, evolvedinto the rejection of the status quo system and founding of a new nation-state. This study also sought to illustrate how the exploitation of peasants by the economic system and the inherent contradictions of the political system led Silla to an implosion when the nation was faced with accumulated effects of mass starvation.
In the part that deals with the recognition of the Late Period of Silla, this study sought to point out that the "Samdae(三代)" that divide the history of Silla are mentioned only in Samguksaki(三國史記), as the author of the book tried to divide the history of Silla into periods by the changes in the ruling families. The author of Samguksaki(三國史記) used Chinese-styled names of the kings and queens. The Middle Periodof Silla, as defined by Samguksaki(三國史記), starts with the inauguration of King Muyeol(武烈王), who led Baekje(百濟) and Goguryeo(高句麗) to defeat, adopted the Confucian form of the ruler-vassal relations, and accepted the Chinese emphasis on the tributary system the subordinate states around China had to adopt. Samguksaki(三國史記) defines the period that proceeded this illusionary period of Silla history as 'the Early Period' and the period that followed it as 'the Late Period'. Samgukyusa(三國遺事), however, did not follow the same criteria of period classification: by focusing on the 'middle ancient period(中古)' in which the Buddhist-styled names of the kings and queens were used, Samgukyusa(三國遺事) divided the Silla history into the Early Ancient(上古), Middle-Ancient(中古), and Late-Ancient(下古) Periods. It is necessary to compare and contrast Samgukyusa(三國遺事) and Samguksaki(三國史記) in order to divide the history of Silla into more accurate periods. It is, however, groundless to link those main three periods of the history of Silla to the three periods of history mentioned in Samdaemok(三代目), an anthology of popular songs and poems compiled during the reign of Queen Jinseong(眞聖女王).
Most of previous studies on the Late Period of Silla viewed the period as a time of confusion wrought by the struggles surrounding the succession of the throne and a series of usurpation of the throne at the hands of Sandaedeung(上大等)s who represented the aristocracy that opposed the royal authority. However, it was still a norm even during the Late Periodof Silla that the throne was succeeded by the Taeja(太子) or Bugun(副君), or by other persons identified by the king's last wills as legitimate successors to the throne, unless it was usurped or the dynasties changed. Even the process of recommending the Gukin(國人) had its own principles that were strictly observed whenever the throne was succeeded. Thus, it requires more consideration and examination to generalize the struggles surrounding the succession of the throne that briefly took place at the beginning of the Late Period of Silla into a conclusion that entire period was marked by violent conflicts for the throne. Furthermore, earlier studies that tried to place the Sangdaedeung(上大等)s in the middle of such throne-related conflicts also require closer re-examination.
This study came to a finding that, while it is difficult to conclude that the position of Sangdaedeung(上大等) did not have any relation to succeeding the throne, that position was one of the required conditions of inheriting the throne. However, this study also concluded that being a Sandaedeung(上大等) was not sufficient to inherit the throne. The title of Sangdaedeung(上大等) did not necessarily entail one's claim to the throne, nor did it guarantee that the title-holder was to inherit the throne. Unless the throne was succeeded by the sons of the kings, a Taeja(太子) was selected from close relatives of the late kings to inherit the throne or a person was determined to inherit the throne by the king's last will based on the political circumstances.
Moreover, studies that define the entirety of the 155 years in the Late Period of Silla as the period of struggles surrounding the throne based on a few incidents of such struggles that broke out at the beginning of that period would inevitably leavea big blank in the study on the political history of the Late Period of Silla after King Shinmu(神武王), who brought all those struggles to an end. Although struggles for the throne did take place during the early years of the Late Period of Silla, such struggles cannot be used to form the whole framework of understanding that period. The fact that the late period of Silla started off rather roughly due to a series of succession struggles should be regarded as relative to the comparatively more peaceful Middle Period of Silla, and it is important to keep in mind that such struggles were limited to the early years of the Late Period only. Also, the perception of the entire late period of Silla as marked by social division and turmoil is, in fact, valid only when it comes to the later years of the late period, after Queen Jinseong(眞聖女王) rose to the throne.
The Late Period of Silla can be further divided into three minor periods: the first period starting with the inauguration of King Shinmu(神武王) that brought the succession struggles to an end and the period after the third year of Queen Jinseong(眞聖女王)'s reign that failed to control the autonomy of local aristocrats. Thus, it seems reasonable to divide the Late Period of Silla into the early years of the Late Period from King Seondeog(宣德王) to King Minae(閔哀王, which is characterized by succession struggles); the mid-years of the Late Period from King Shinmu(神武王) to King Heangang(憲康王) and King Jeonggang(定康王, which consolidated the regime); and the late years of the Late Period from Queen Jinseong(眞聖女王) to King Gyeongsun(敬順王, in which Silla went into a decline).

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 序論 1
• 1. 연구 현황 1
• 2. 연구 대상과 방법 16
• Ⅱ. 下代의 시작과 元聖王 21
• 1. 惠恭王代 반란사건과 金敬信 21
• 2. 宣德王代 정치적 성격과 元聖王의 즉위 32
• Ⅲ. 下代 초기의 왕위계승 분쟁 49
• 1. 興德王 死後 왕위계승 분쟁 49
• 2. 閔哀王 정권의 성립과 붕괴 60
• Ⅳ. 下代 정국의 안정과 禮英系 왕실 78
• 1. 均貞系 왕실과 왕위계승의 안정 78
• 2. 景文王家의 등장과 정국의 안정 87
• Ⅴ. 下代의 쇠퇴와 眞聖女王代 정국 운영 99
• 1. 眞聖女王代 초기의 정국 운영 99
• 2. 眞聖女王代 농민 봉기와 신라의 붕괴 124
• Ⅵ. 新羅下代에 대한 새로운 이해 방향 146
• 1. 新羅 三代와 『三代目』 146
• 2. 下代의 왕위계승과 上大等 164
• Ⅶ. 結論 182
• 참고문헌 193
• 부록 204
• Abstract 205