The objective of this paper is to understand North Korea's intention and strategy against South Korea and provide political grounds against it by analyzing the true picture of North Korea's military threats to South Korea in perspective of an asymmetr...
The objective of this paper is to understand North Korea's intention and strategy against South Korea and provide political grounds against it by analyzing the true picture of North Korea's military threats to South Korea in perspective of an asymmetric military strategy.
From the beginning, North Korea has maintained a military-focused policy and developed WMD under the goal of unifying the South into a Communist Korean Peninsula. Furthermore, North Korea has recently carried out a missile launch and nuclear test despite strong dissuasions from the international society, putting the Korean peninsula in the darkness of a possible nuclear war. However, South Korea has not figured out even the real intention of North Korea yet, not to mention preparing against the North in an organized manner. Also, there seems to be the controversy within South Korea over its Sunshine policy toward North Korea, and South Korea is even showing indications of making reverse movements against the trend of international society.
Until the early 1990s, the studies on North Korea's military strategy or policy have primarily focused on its traditional policies and strategies such as the 'Four Military Lines.' After the first North Korean nuclear crisis in 1993, scholars have started to focus on North Korea's nuclear issues, but they have dealt the problems only in the international political point of view. Therefore, it can be said that there has been almost no precedent of study on the changes on North Korea's military strategy relating to the development of WMD in the perspective of an asymmetric strategy.
Therefore, the following steps were followed in conducting this study. First, this paper systemized the concepts and theories on an asymmetric strategy based on the existing theories from several countries and specialists. As the result, it was analyzed that the direction and contents of North Korea's military strategy are pointing toward an asymmetric strategy. Finally, by applying case study methods and literature researches, this paper sought to conclude effects and implications of North Korean asymmetric strategies and derive applicable countermeasures against it.
This paper is consist of six chapters. Chaper 1, the introduction, raises a question and describes the purpose, scope, subject, and methods of the study. In Chapter 2, the opinions of military research specialists' about an asymmetric strategy and how each nations applied them were analyzed in order to derive its conceptual definition and theoretical framework. Also, the applicability of its theoretical framework was tested by studying on the war cases where an asymmetric strategy was applied. To explain the reason and the background why North Korea has chosen an asymmetric military strategy, the substance of and changes on North Korean military policy and strategy are assessed in Chapter 3. Then, we discuss the situation changes inside and outside of North Korea that has forced North Korea to adopt an asymmetric strategy. North Korea's threatening factors are analyzed in Chapter 4 by deriving its asymmetric military elements from the theoretical framework. Chapter 5 discusses the effects and significance of North Korea's asymmetric strategy on the national structure of North Korea, North-South Korean relationship, and international relationships in Northeastern Asia including the United States. In Chapter 6, this paper makes its conclusion by summarizing the contents of preceding discussions and providing political suggestions based on the outcome of the discussions.
Through these analytical processes, the following conclusions were derived.
First, the concept of an asymmetric strategy is not a new invention but has been existing for a long time. However, after the Cold War its importance has risen. Its theoretical structure has not been systemized yet and therefore it can be regarded as a conceptual framework rather than a theory. In this paper, the opinions of the specialists and each country's application status were analyzed in order to establish its concept, characteristics, and categories.
Secondly, the basic structure of North Korea's strategy against South Korea has not changed. However, the increase in conventional weapons has hit the wall after the Cold War due to North Korea's isolation from the international society, its worsened economic crisis, and inferiority in the competition with the South. In order to end these threats to the survival of its structure, North Korea converted its strategy to an asymmetric strategy following the cases of Vietnam and Iraq against the United States.
Third, the North Korean military strategy, being on asymmetric one is being used against South Korea and the United States both in peacetime and wartime. In theory, it is being prepared and used in several fields such as 'Asymmetry in objectives', 'Asymmetry in methods', and 'Asymmetry in means.' Among these, the most asymmetric and the most threatening elements to South Korea are North Korea's aggressive tactics, weapons of mass destruction, long range missiles, special forces, reserve forces, and capability in cyberspace war. The existence of asymmetry between North and South Korea is evident and North Korea military threat to South Korea is also obvious. Not to mention its nuclear weapons, North Korean chemical weapons and other asymmetric capabilities can easily make South Korean conventional forces incompetent in the early stage of emergency.
Fourth, North Korea's strategies and tactics against South Korea in case of emergency is to create chaos by striking South Korea's rear area with vast number of special operation forces, restraining South Korea's war fighting will by utilizing the weapons of mass destruction as a surprise attack, and sweeping over the entire South Korea territory before the United States deploys reinforcements. For the worst case of being pushed back to its territory, North Korea has plans on conducting a guerrilla warfare utilizing its fortified mountain terrain with all citizens and reserved forces mobilized. In this case, as shown in the Vietnam War and the Iraqi War, the United States most advanced military power will face a sharp decrease in its effectiveness.
Last, North Korea is using the weapons of mass destruction as a mean to maintain its structure and ensure its survival. Internally, North Korea can tighten its social unity by advertising its nuclear weapon holder status as a success of building a strong nation. On the other hand, in an external point of view North Korea is trying to ensure the survival of its regime and obtain international economic support at the same time by bargaining with the United States. However, there is a high possibility that the weapons of mass destruction developed to seek for its survival might actually bring an end to its national structure. Since none of the nei호boring countries will allow North Korea to become a nuclear holder, Kim Jung-il regime's risky attempt to secure its status as a nuclear holder, and fulfill its needs through the bargain with the United Sates will just end up as a gamble. Considering the United States' initiatives, it seems clear that North Korea has no choice but to abandon its nuclear program or provoke a war.
Based on these conclusions, the following political suggestions can be presented. First of all, capability to restrain North Korean provocation has to be maintained by fostering the alliance between South Korea and the United States. It is impossible to restrain North Korea's provocation by South Korea alone, and South Korea by itself will not be able to win a victory in case of emergency. Especially, in order to minimize the damage, North Korean weapons of mass destruction has to be removed by carrying out a preemptive strike, but an early warning capability and a pinpoint striking capability that are crucial for a preemptive strike still have to be relied on the support of the United States.
Second, cooperation between South Korea and the United States in solving North Korean nuclear crisis is necessary. It will be wise for South Korea to reflect its intentions on the United States' policies while progressively supporting them. Therefore, the tolerant policy against North Korea that the current South Korean government is pursuing has to be followed within the framework of ROK-US cooperation. Also, in a strategic point of view, the policy will have to be reviewed in terms of the principle of reciprocity.
Third, because Kim Jung-il regime has a strong will to produce the weapons of mass destruction in order to maintain its national structure, it is difficult to remove the weapons of mass destruction through negotiations. This matter can be more easily resolved by changing the characteristic of North Korean structure or its regime. In this point of view, the means in order to change the characteristic of North Korean structure have to be sought. For example, fostering the exchange and collaboration between South and North Koreas and developing alternatives that can positively affect the replacement of the regime or the national leader can be such attempts. Also, the means to maximize the influence on the succession of the power and induce the abdication of Kim Jung-il or the collapse of its national structure can be groped for.
Finally, South Korea has to develop its capabilities to make countermove by itself. Most of all, South Korean government and citizens should clearly recognize the existence of an asymmetric strategy of North Korea. Also, building a defense system considering a nuclear war, gaining intelligence watch capabilities and a pinpoint striking capability, constructing infrastructures and defense capabilities to minimize the damage in emergency are urgent. Most importantly, an asymmetric military strategy immediately becomes incompetent and loses its asymmetry when the enemy grasp the situation beforehand and seeks its countermove. Also, South Korea should make full use of its strengths and use them as an asymmetric strategy against North Korea.