지식경영 자원-전략-성과 관계의 co-alignment에 관한 실증연구 : 상보성이론 관점 = (An)empirical study on the co-alignment in knowledge management resource-strategy-performance : a complementarity theory perspective

국문 초록 (Abstract)

지식경영과 관련된 선행연구들은 성과에 영향을 미치는 요인을 규명하고자 하였으며 대부분 성공요인에 많은 초점을 두었다. 그러한 성공요인은 주로 개별적인 차원의 기술, 구조, 문화, 사람, 프로세스 등에서 다루어졌으며 다양한 표현으로 언급되었다. 성공요인을 지식경영자원과 그 자원의 활용능력으로 고려해 볼 때, 기존의 선행연구들이 간과하고 있는 것은 자원과 전략에 미치는 환경적 변수와 상보성이론을 토대로 상호보완적 자원, 전략, 성과간의 총체적인 Co-alignment 관점의 고찰이다. 따라서 본 연구는 이러한 관점을 고려하여 지식경영 성공요인과 성과간의 협의적 관계에서 벗어나 환경불확실성과 자원, 전략, 성과라는 다면적 관계에서 지식경영을 이해하고자 한다.
구체적으로 본 연구의 목적은 첫째, 지식경영 연구에 환경불확실성이라는 개념도입을 통해 자원과 전략에 미치는 영향을 파악함으로써 지식경영과 관련된 연구의 영역을 넓히고자 한다. 즉 막연한 환경불확실성에서 성과를 개선시키기 위한 성공요인에 초점을 두기 보다는, 실제 환경불확실성 요인이 자원과 전략에 미치는 영향을 살펴봄으로써 지식경영에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓히고자 한다. 둘째, 총체적인 Co-alignment 관점을 제시하여 두 요인간의 적합성을 적용한 기존의 연구와 차이점을 살펴본다. 즉 상황변수와 전략, 전략과 성과간의 관계를 광범위한 적합성에서 살펴봄으로써 통합적이고 포괄적인 모델을 제시한다. 특히 본 연구는 지식경영 통합전략을 실증적으로 제안하여 연구자의 관점보다는 조직의 관점에서 이의 중요성을 파악하고자 한다. 셋째, 상보성에 입각한 상호보완적인 자원, 전략, 성과간의 관계를 살펴보고자 한다. 기존의 연구들이 개별적인 성공요인의 중요성을 강조하였다면, 본 연구는 상보성을 강조하여 상호보완적인 자원, 전략, 성과간의 관계가 기존의 연구와 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 조사한다.
이를 위해 본 연구는 상보성이론을 기반으로 지식경영자원, 전략, 성과 관계의 총체적인 Co-alignment에 관한 실증연구를 한다. 구체적으로 본 연구는 먼저 상황이론의 총체적인 Co-alignment 관점에서 자원의존이론, 자원기반이론, 지식기반이론 등을 토대로 환경불확실성과 지식경영자원 및 활용능력이 지식경영 통합전략을 매개로 지식경영성과에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 다음 상보성이론을 토대로 요인간 상보성을 분석한다.
연구검증결과, 환경불확실성은 지식경영자원 및 활용능력에 많은 영향을 미치는 반면에 지식경영 통합전략에는 비유의적인 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 지식경영자원 및 활용능력은 지식경영 통합전략에 영향을 미치며, 지식경영 통합전략은 지식경영성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 상보성이론을 토대로 한 요인간 상보성 분석결과는 기존의 연구에서는 제시하지 못하는 새로운 연구결과를 보여 주고 있다. 이러한 실증분석 결과에 따라 본 연구의 주요 시사점은 다음과 같다.
첫째, 본 연구는 환경불확실성, 지식경영자원 및 활용능력, 지식경영 통합전략, 지식경영성과와의 관계를 규명하였다. 구체적으로 본 연구는 상황이론에 기초하여 조직의 전략에 미치는 요인으로 환경불확실성과 지식경영자원 및 활용능력의 중요성을 밝혔다. 그리고 환경과 자원을 동시에 고려함으로써 환경이 전략보다 자원에 더 많은 영향을 미친다는 것을 발견하였다. 기존의 연구들이 성공요인이라는 협의적인 관점에 초점을 두었다면, 본 연구는 환경적 요소, 자원, 전략, 성과간의 관계를 기반으로 포괄적인 관점에서 새로운 인과관계를 제공하였다.
둘째, 본 연구는 상황이론의 총체적인 Co-alignment 관점에서 상황변수와 전략, 전략과 성과간의 광의의 적합성을 적용하였다. 기존의 연구들이 두 요인간의 적합성을 적용하였다면, 본 연구는 두 요인 이상간의 적합성을 고려함으로서 통합적이고 포괄적인 지식경영모델을 제시하였다. 또한 이를 통해 전략의 매개적 역할의 중요성을 확인하였다. 특히 지식경영 연구에서 총체적인 Co-alignment 관점을 제안하는 연구가 없으며 지식경영 통합전략 역시 실증적으로 검증한 연구가 미흡하기 때문에 연구의 의의가 있다.
셋째, 본 연구는 상보성이론을 토대로 다차원적인 개념으로 이루어진 환경불확실성, 이질적인 지식경영자원 및 활용능력, 상이한 지식경영전략, 다양한 지식경영성과 등이 포함하고 있는 각 하위차원들간의 상대적인 중요성을 규명하였고 요인간 상보성 분석을 통해 구성개념들간의 관계를 조사하였다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 한 구성개념에 포함된 요인들의 공통적인 중요성하에서 상대적인 개별요인의 힘이 서로 다르다는 것을 확인하였다. 그 결과 그 구성개념을 이루고 있는 기반요인, 잉여요인, 결핍요인이 무엇인지를 알았으며 한 요인의 중요성이 오히려 다른 요인의 중요성을 감소시킨다는 결과를 확인하였다. 특히 상보성이론을 적용한 통합적인 관점에서의 지식경영 연구가 미흡하다는 점에서 의의가 크며, 이 이론이 지식경영뿐만 아니라 조직의 다양한 분야에 적용될 수 있기 때문에 이의 결과가 제공하는 잠재력이 크다고 하겠다.
본 연구 결과는 상보성의 인지와 총체적인 Co-alignment 관점의 고려는 지식경영을 수행하는 조직들로 하여금 차별적인 경쟁력을 지속시키는 하나의 방안이 될 수 있음을 제시하며 학문적으로나 실무적으로 상보성과 총체적인 Co-alignment 관점에 관심을 가지는 계기를 제공할 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Increasing competitive pressure, the constantly accelerating transformation of the economy, and a stronger focus on value creation have initiated the search for sustainable sources of competitive advantage in organizations. In this context, the concept of treating organizational knowledge as a valuable strategic resource has become quite popular recently. Knowledge has become the most critical component in the struggle for sustained competitive advantage and knowledge management (KM) has also been described for its possible role in creating sustainable competitive advantage.
Knowledge Management (KM) is the systematic, explicit, and deliberate building, renewal, and application of knowledge to maximize an enterprise's knowledge-related effectiveness and performance from its knowledge assets. KM applies systematic approaches to find, understand, and use knowledge to create new capabilities, solve problems, enable superior performance, and encourage innovation.
The purpose of this research investigates the co-alignment among environment uncertainty, KM resources and capabilities, KM integrative strategy, and KM performance by using a co-alignment model of KM, which is developed from contingency theory, resource-based theory, knowledge-based theory, and complementarity theory. The research model also deals with the roles of complementarities of environment uncertainty, resources and capabilities, and integrative strategy in the context of KM and examines not only the effect of a complementary set of environment uncertainty and KM resources and capabilities on KM integrative strategy but also the effect of a complementary set of KM integrative strategy on KM performance. Specifically, the research is conducted from the information systems and strategic management literature in the context of KM in order to access the following questions:

(1) Does the degree of environment uncertainty affect the KM resources and capabilities positively?
(2) Does the degree of environment uncertainty affect the KM integrative strategy positively?
(3) Do the KM resources and capabilities contribute to the KM integrative strategy?
(4) Does the KM integrative strategy contribute to the KM performance?
(5) What are complementary roles between the KM resources and capabilities, the KM integrative strategy, and the KM performance?

The research design employs a mail survey questionnaire for gathering data from 1,000 managers in 125 firms in the areas of Ulsan Metropolitan City and Changwon City. From a mail survey of 358 managers in 55 firms, the results of empirical analyses provide the following major findings:

(1) This study found support for the proposed co-alignment model of KM from both contingency theory and complementarity theory.
(2) While the KM resources and capabilities are determined by the degree of environment uncertainty, the KM integrative strategy is not affected by the degree of environment uncertainty.
(3) The KM integrative strategy is determined by the KM resources and capabilities, and the KM performance is determined by the KM integrative strategy.
(4) Complementarities arising from the simultaneous exploitation of the three components (technical, structural, human) of KM resources and capabilities significantly affect the KM integrative strategy. In addition, synergies arising from the complementary exploitation of the components (codification, personalization) of KM integrative strategy also significantly determine the KM performance, which consists of business process outcomes and customer service outcomes.

The study suggests that the valuable, unique, and inimitable synergy that can be realized by simultaneously exploiting both complementary KM resources and capabilities and complementary KM integrative strategy provides opportunity for the firm to create sustainable competitive advantages. And the study provides KM-related managers and researchers with an integrative and co-aligned framework of KM, which can be used to develop practical and academic alternatives.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제 1 장 서 론 = 1
• 제 1 절 연구의 필요성 = 1
• 제 2 절 지식경영에 대한 선행연구(2000～2005) = 5
• 제 3 절 연구목적 및 당위성 = 8
• 제 4 절 연구절차와 연구방법 = 10
• 4.1 연구절차 = 10
• 4.2 연구방법 = 11
• 제 5 절 연구의 구성 = 12
• 제 2 장 이론적 배경 = 14
• 제 1 절 지식과 지식경영 = 14
• 1.1 지식 = 14
• 1.1.1 지식의 정의 = 14
• 1.1.2 자료, 정보, 지식과의 관계 = 15
• 1.1.3 지식의 유형 = 18
• 1.2 지식경영 = 21
• 1.2.1 지식경영의 정의 = 21
• 1.2.2 지식경영 정의의 발전과정 = 27
• 1.2.3 지식경영의 필요성 = 28
• 제 2 절 전략경영이론 = 31
• 2.1 자원의존이론 = 33
• 2.2 자원기반이론 = 36
• 2.3 지식기반이론 = 38
• 제 3 절 상보성이론과 상황이론 = 42
• 3.1 상보성이론 = 42
• 3.2 상황이론 = 46
• 제 3 장 연구모형 = 50
• 제 1 절 지식경영을 위한 총체적인 Co-alignment 모형 = 50
• 1.1 연구모형 = 50
• 제 2 절 연구모형에 적용된 변수설명 = 55
• 2.1 환경불확실성 = 55
• 2.1.1 시장환경 불확실성 = 60
• 2.1.2 경쟁환경 불확실성 = 60
• 2.1.3 기술환경 불확실성 = 61
• 2.2 지식경영자원 및 활용능력 = 62
• 2.2.1 기술적자원 = 67
• 2.2.2 구조적자원 = 72
• 2.2.3 문화적자원 = 75
• 2.2.4 인적자원 = 78
• 2.3 지식경영전략 = 79
• 2.3.1 지식경영전략에 대한 선행연구 = 81
• 2.3.2 성문화전략 = 89
• 2.3.3 개인화전략 = 90
• 2.3.4 지식경영 통합전략 = 93
• 2.4 지식경영성과 = 95
• 2.4.1 지식경영성과에 대한 선행연구 = 98
• 2.5 통제변수 = 103
• 제 4 장 연구가설 = 104
• 제 1 절 환경불확실성에 관한 가설 = 104
• 1.1 환경불확실성과 지식경영자원 및 활용능력과의 관계 = 104
• 1.2 환경불확실성과 지식경영 통합전략과의 관계 = 106
• 제 2 절 지식경영자원 및 활용능력에 관한 가설 = 108
• 2.1 지식경영자원 및 활용능력과 지식경영 통합전략과의 관계 = 108
• 제 3 절 지식경영 통합전략에 관한 가설 = 110
• 3.1 지식경영 통합전략과 지식경영성과와의 관계 = 110
• 제 5 장 연구방법 및 가설검증 = 113
• 제 1 절 변수의 조작적 정의 = 113
• 1.1 환경불확실성 = 113
• 1.1.1 시장환경 불확실성 = 114
• 1.1.2 기술환경 불확실성 = 114
• 1.1.3 경쟁환경 불확실성 = 115
• 1.2 지식경영자원과 활용능력 = 115
• 1.2.1 기술적자원 = 115
• 1.2.2 구조적자원 = 116
• 1.2.3 문화적자원 = 116
• 1.2.4 인적자원 = 117
• 1.3 지식경영 통합전략 = 117
• 1.3.1 성문화전략 = 118
• 1.3.2 개인화전략 = 118
• 1.4 지식경영성과 = 119
• 제 2 절 연구방법 = 123
• 2.1 분석절차 및 분석방법 = 123
• 2.2 연구대상의 선정 및 자료수집 방법 = 125
• 2.3 비응답편이 분석 = 126
• 2.4 분석대상 기업 응답자의 일반적인 특징 = 126
• 제 3 절 실증연구 분석 = 129
• 3.1 탐색적 요인분석 = 129
• 3.1.1 탐색적 요인분석 = 129
• 3.1.2 문항총합상관관계 및 Chronbach's α = 130
• 3.2 확증요인분석 = 134
• 3.3 2차 요인 구성개념 타당성 = 140
• 3.4 구조모델 = 144
• 3.4.1 측정모델 = 148
• 3.4.2 구조모델 = 148
• 3.5 연구가설 검증 = 149
• 3.5.1 환경불확실성과 지식경영자원 및 활용능력과의 관계 = 150
• 3.5.2 환경불확실성과 지식경영 통합전략과의 관계 = 151
• 3.5.3 지식경영자원 및 활용능력과 지식경영 통합전략과의 관계 = 152
• 3.5.4 지식경영 통합전략과 지식경영성과와의 관계 = 152
• 3.5.5 연구가설 결과의 종합 = 153
• 3.6 요인간 상보성 분석 = 155
• 3.6.1 환경불확실성과 지식경영자원 및 활용능력과의 관계 = 155
• 3.6.2 환경불확실성과 지식경영 통합전략과의 관계 = 157
• 3.6.3 지식경영자원 및 활용능력과 지식경영 통합전략과의 관계 = 159
• 3.6.4 지식경영 통합전략과 지식경영성과와의 관계 = 161
• 3.7 직접효과, 간접효과, 총 효과 = 163
• 제 6 장 연구결과 요약 및 결론 = 165
• 제 1 절 연구결과의 요약 = 165
• 제 2 절 연구의 시사점 = 166
• 2.1 이론적 시사점 = 167
• 2.2 실무적 시사점 = 169
• 제 3 절 연구의 한계점 및 향후 연구방향 = 170
• 참고문헌 = 174
• <부록 1> = 223
• <설문지> = 234
• <영문초록> = 239

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