심리적 특성복합체로서의 창의성에 대한 탐색적 연구 = (An)exploratory study of creativity as psychological trait complexes

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aims to define creativity as psychological trait complexes that supplement each other and integrate cognitive, affective, social trait and explore the pattern of trait complexes and establish the integrated model of creativity by searching for the commonness which holds in common among these traits. Accordingly for the purpose of exploring what kind of patterns could be comprised by combining the traits, the following subjects were established.
Subject Ⅰ: How the complexes can be comprised by related factors among the cognitive, affective and social trait of creativity?
Subject Ⅱ: What relation is there between trait complexes and domain specific creative products?
Subjects Ⅲ: What structure of the cause and effect do the cognitive, affective and social trait of creativity have between domain specific creative products?
The subject of this investigation is consists of 472 students; 118 fourth grade students of elementary school: 137 sixth grade students of elementary school: 109 second grade students of middle school and 108 first grade students of high school.
The measuring tools used in this study are the Torrance test of creative thinking, the test of domain specific creative products, creative personality test, the test of the social /environmental cognition and Sternberg's intelligence test.
The data were analyzed by Pearson product moment correlation, factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, structural equation modeling using Amos.
The findingst of this study are as followings:
First, as the result of examining the relationship between cognitive traits, the relation of fluency and originality shows very high. In case of the relationship of social/environmental traits, target accomplishment ability, the cognition of the outside world , the cognition of the future world, human relation ability and sense of purpose have very significant & static correlation statistically. Especially target accomplishment and the cognition of the future world have the closest relationship. If we examine the relationship between cognitive trait and social/environmental trait, the social /environmental trait which has significant correlation with cognitive trait are target accomplishment ability, the cognition of the future world and sense of purpose.
Second, we are able to know that the relationship between cognitive trait and personal trait have significant correlation among 8 traits; openness, independence, adventurous spirit, imagination, sense of humor, patience/persistence, self confidence and curiosity. In the case of the relationship between cognitive traits and personal traits, the personal traits having significant correlation with cognitive traits are openness and curiosity. Besides, patience/persistence also have statistically the significant relationship with the abstraction of the title, hasty conclusion
Third, in the case of the relationship between personal traits and social/environmental traits, all subordinate factors have significant correlation. Especially the correlation figures between personal traits such as patience/persistence and social/environmental traits such as target accomplishment ability, the cognition of the outside world , the cognition of the future world, human relation ability and correlation coefficient about the sense of purpose shows very high.
Fourth, although the relationship of cognitive, affective and social/environmental traits shows low in comparison with the precedent study, the results are significant statistically. As the result of combining traits related statistically, 5 traits complexes; "fluency-originality traits complexes", "elaborateness - intelligence traits complexes", "independence
-adventurous spirit traits complex", "united-social/environmental traits-personal traits complexes" and "the cognition of the outside world - humor traits complexes" were discovered.
For succeeding study the meaning & suggestion of this study is as followings:
This study was begun to start on the hypothesis that the creativity has complex traits rather than single factor and this complex is consists of cognitive traits, personal traits and social /environmental traits. The most typical trait complex among 5 trait complexes proved to be the first trait, social/environmental-personal trait complex. Because this trait complex is correspond with cognitive, personal and social/environmental factors of creativity, it is accorded the original hypothesis that the creativity is the complex related with the factors of these 3 fields.
Also each complex predicts at least more than one criteria variables significantly and the explanation ability on criteria variate is improved well when it is predicted by complex rather than only one field. criteria variables used in this study were creative products in the 3 fields; science, mathematics and language. Also criteria variables predicted by each trait complex has different results. So each criteria variable has the differences.
Another distinction shown in this study is that the prediction of creative products by trait complex is on a significant level, but the ratio explaining the criteria variable is not very high. Comparing the precedent study on aptitude trait complex, creativity can be suggested as more complicated construct than aptitude. Namely, it can be said that several factors except for variables adopted in this study work more. Accordingly the study on trait complex that can be explained the complicated construct of creativity is more necessary.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 = 1
• 2. 연구문제 = 5
• 3. 용어의 정의 = 7
• 4. 연구의 제한점 = 8
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 = 9
• 1．창의성 = 9
• 가. 창의성의 개념 = 9
• 나. 창의성의 구성요소 = 14
• 다. 창의적 사고의 측정 = 16
• 1) 창의적 사고 = 17
• 2) 문제해결 = 25
• 2. 심리적 특성복합체로서의 창의성 = 29
• 가. 인지적 특성 = 29
• 나. 정의적 특성 = 33
• 다. 사회․환경적 특성 = 35
• 3. 특성복합체로서 창의성의 통합적 접근 이론 = 37
• 가. Amabile의 창의성 요소모형 = 38
• 나. Urban의 구성 요소모형 = 40
• 다. Csikszentmihalyi의 체계모델 = 42
• 라. Sternberg와 Lubart의 투자이론 = 44
• Ⅲ. 연구가설 = 47
• Ⅳ. 연구방법 = 49
• 1. 연구대상 = 49
• 2. 측정도구 = 49
• 가. Torrance의 창의적 사고력 검사 = 49
• 나. 영역별 산출물검사 = 50
• 다. 지능검사 = 51
• 라. 창의적 인성 검사 = 52
• 마. 창의적 사회․환경 인식검사 = 52
• 3. 연구절차 = 53
• 4. 분석방법 = 55
• 가. 인지적, 인성적, 사회․환경 인식 간의 관계 = 55
• 나. 특성복합체와 영역별 산출물 간의 관계 = 55
• 다. 특성복합체와 영역별 산출물간의 구조방정식 모형 검증 = 56
• Ⅴ. 연구결과 및 논의 = 57
• 1. 연구결과 = 57
• 가. 통계적 가정의 검토 = 57
• 나. 인지적, 인성적, 사회․환경 인식 요인 간의 관계 분석 = 57
• 1) 인지적 요인과 사회․환경 인식 요인과의 관계 = 57
• 2) 창의적 인지와 창의적 인성과의 관계 = 59
• 3) 창의적 인성과 사회․환경 인식과의 관계 = 60
• 4) 창의적 인지, 인성, 사회․환경 인식의 특성복합체 관계 = 61
• 5) 특성복합체 간의 관계 = 64
• 다. 특성복합체와 영역별 산출물 간의 관계분석 = 65
• 1) 특성복합체와 영역별 산출물 간의 관계 = 65
• 2) 지능 및 특성복합체와 영역별 산출물 간의 관계 = 66
• 라. 창의성의 인지, 인성, 사회․환경 요인과 창의적 산출물 관 계 구조분석 = 69
• 2. 논의 = 70
• Ⅵ. 결론 및 제언 = 73
• 참고문헌 = 77
• 〔부록 Ⅱ-1〕산출물검사 언어 = 92
• 〔부록 Ⅱ-2〕산출물검사 수학 = 93
• 〔부록 Ⅱ-3〕산출물검사 과학 = 94
• 〔부록 Ⅱ-4〕지능검사지 = 95
• 〔부록 Ⅱ-5〕인성검사지 = 97
• 〔부록 Ⅱ-6〕사회․환경 인식검사지 = 99

참고문헌 (Reference)

1. The Man of genius, Lombroso, , 1891

2. A quiet revolution, Torrance, Goff, , 1989

3. The art of thought, Wallas,Graham, Harcourt,Brace, The art of thought, , 1926

4. Teaching Creativity, Ripple, , 1999

5. 지능과 창의성, 홍순정, , 1999

6. The Creative Process, Ghiselin, , 1952

7. Affect and creativity, Russ, , 1993

8. The courage to create, May, Rollo, Bantam Books, , 1976

9. Educationandcreativity, Parnes, Education and creativity, , 1975

10. Stimulating creativity, Stein, Morris Isaac, Academic Press, , 1974

11. Thecreativemodeofbeing, Colman, Kokot, The creative mode of being, , 1997

12. Adaptors and innovators, Kriton, Adaptors and Innovators:, , 1976

13. Investing in creativity, Lubart, Sternberg, Investing in Creativity, , 1996

14. Learning and creativity, Pagano, , 1979

15. 신 종합지능 검사, 황해익, 하대현, 신종호, , 2005

16. A study of British genius, Ellis, Havelock, Houghton Mifflin company, , 1926

17. An analysis of creativity, Rhodes, , 1961

18. The making of a scientist, Roe, Anne, Greenwood Press, , 1973

19. 창의성 연구의 현황, 전경원, , 2005

20. 창의성과 동기 유발, 전경원, 창지사, , 1998

21. 창조혁명 보고서, 31, 매일경제신문사, "창조혁명 보고서, , 2005

22. On some roots of creativity, Krystal, , 1988

23. The dark side of creativity, McLaren, , 1993

24. 창조교육이론과 방법, 이종록, 교육과학사, , 2001

25. 유아 창의적 특성 검사, 전경원, , 2002

26. Consequences From A-1, Sheridan, Guilford, Christensen, Merrifield, "Consequences From A-1, , 1953

27. Making the creative leap beyond, Torrance, E. Paul, Creative Education Foundation Press, , 1999

28. Portrait of the creative person, Davis, , 1995

29. Diverging from divergent thinking, Kogan, , 1994

30. Psychoanalytic explorations in art, Kris, Ernst, International Universities Press, , 1952

31. Speaking from the art. Emily's art, Catalanotto, , 2000

32. The associative basis of creativity, Mednick, , 1962

33. Mental imagery and the visual system, Finke, , 1986

34. The 11th Mental Measurement Yearbook, Conoley, Kramer, , 1992

35. 숨겨진 나의 보물을 찾아서, 김남성, , 1997

36. Creative approaches toProblem Solving, Treffinger, Dorval.K.B, , 1994

37. Mood and quantity and quality of ideas, Vosburg, , 1998

38. 창의력 : 그 심리, 인물, 사회, 정범모, 교육과학사, "창의력-그 심리, , 2001

39. Guiding creative talent Englewood Cliffs, Torrance, , 1962

40. Can we teach children to think creativity?, Torrance, , 1972

41. An interactionist model ofcreative behavior, Schoenfelt, Woodman, An interactionist model of creative behavior, , 1990

42. Divergent thinking,, creativity, and gifted, Runco, "Divergent thinking, , 1993

43. Scientific genius : a psychology of science, Simonton, Dean Keith, Cambridge University Press, , 1988

44. The prediction of achievement andcreativity, Cattell, Butucher, , 1968

45. 지혜 지능 그리고 창의성의 종합, 김정희, "지혜, , 2004

46. Fundamentals of Creative Thinking, Lexington, Dacey, "Fundamentals of Creative Thinking, , 1999

47. Your creative power : how to use imagination, Osborn, Alexander Faickney, C. Scribner's Sons, , 1948

48. Creative mathematicians, In R. S. Albert(Ed.), Helson, "Creative mathematicians, , 1983

49. The case for domain specificity of creativity, Bear, , 1998

50. 창의성을 이해하기 위한 체계모델, 최인수, 성균관대학교 生活科學硏究所, "생활과학, , 2000

51. 생애능력지도력 검사도구개발연구, 한국교육개발원, , 2003

52. 사고력 신장을 위한 프로그램연구(V), 허경철, , 1991

53. A statisticalanalysis of specialcases of creativity, Huber, A statistical analysis of special cases of creativity, , 2000

54. Analysis of creative products: Review and synthesis, Treffinger, Bessemer, Analysis of creative products: Review and synthesis, , 1981

55. Creative talents: Their nature,uses and development, Guilford, "Creative talents: Their nature, , 1986

56. Generality of creativity across performance domains, Baer, , 1991

57. The seven power summit as and international concert, Kirton, , 1989

58. A longitudinal study of creative personality in women, Helson, , 1999

59. A kaleidoscopic view: reflections on the creative self, Daniels, , 1998

60. Creative people at work : twelve cognitive case studies, Wallace, Doris B, Oxford University Press, , 1989

61. Socialenvironmental,anddevelopmentalissuesandcreativity, Hennessey, "Social, , 1995

62. 표준화 간편 창의성 검사 심리요강 및 규준, 이영덕, 정원식, , 1965

63. On Becoming a Person: A therapist's view of psychotheraphy, Rogers, , 1961

64. 문제발견, 창의적 사고, 창의적 인성의 관계, 하주현, "문제발견, , 2003

65. 창의적 문제해결능력 신장을 위한 교육과정, 김아영, 김경자, 조석희, , 1997

66. 학업성취도에 대한 창의성의 상대적 예측력, 이정규, 한국교육학회, "교육학연구, , 2004

67. Problem discovery, divergent thinking, and creative process, Runco, Okuda, "Problem discovery, , 1988

68. The ories of the creative process : Areview and perspective, Mansfield, Buss, , 1981

69. Changing the world : a framework for the study of creativity, Feldman, David Henry, Praeger, , 1994

70. Curriculum planning for creativethinking and Problem solving, Parnes, Isaksen, Curriculum planning for creative thinking and problem solving, , 1992

71. Gifted children : psychological and educational perspectives, Tannenbaum, Abraham J, Macmillan, , 1983

72. Primary-Process thinking and creativity: Affect and cognition, Russ, , 2000

73. The torrance test of creative thinking: norm-technical manual, Torrance, , 1990

74. Six factors of Behavioral cognition: Understandingother people, Guilford, Six factors of behavioral cognition: Understanding other people, , 1975

75. The teaching effectiveness of games in collegiate business course, Wolfe, , 1985

76. Genetic associations of giftedness and creativity in schizoghrenia, Karlsson, , 1970

77. MMTIC 에 의한 아동의 성격 유형과 창의성과의 관계, 이명희, 이정덕, 한국아동학회, MMTIC에 의한 아동의 성격 유형과 창의성과의 관계, , 1999

78. Toward creativity: Problem finding in a divergent-thinking exercise, Wakefield, , 1985

79. The creative version: A longitudinal study of problem finding in art, Csikszentmihalyi, Getzels, , 1976

80. Defying the crowd : cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity, Sternberg, Robert J, Free Press, , 1995

81. Intelligence and lifelong learning: what's new and how can we use it?, Sternberg, , 1997

82. Kreative Lehrer/kreative schuler [Creative Teachers/creative students, Heinelt, , 1974

83. The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization, Amabile, The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization, , 1983

84. Theoretical perspective on creative and its facilitation: An overview, Treffinger, Firestien, Sortore, , 1983

85. 토랜스 TTCT(도형) 검사 요강. 토랜스 창의력 한국 FPSP, 김영채, , 2002

86. 통합적 접근에 기초한 아동의 창의성 측정 도구 개발, 김종안, 성균관대학교, , 1998

87. Gender differences in the effects of extrinsic motivation on creativity, Baer, , 1998

88. The relationship between highest mental capacity and psychic abnormalities, Juda, , 1949

89. Three hundred eminent personalities: A psychosocial analysis of the famous, Goertzel, , 1978

90. 창의성 계발 과학교육과 과학적 창의성. 과학교육연구, 26, 서혜애, "창의성 계발 과학교육과 과학적 창의성. 과학교육연구, , 2002

91. 창의성의 영역 한정성과 영역 보편성에 관한 분석과 탐구, 한기순, 韓國英才學會, "영어교육연구, , 2000

92. The untouched key: Tracing childhood trauma in creativity and destructiveness, Miller, , 1990

93. Kreativitat in Wissenschaft und Technik [Creativity in Science and Technology], Facaoaru, , 1985

94. Psychiatric disorders in fooster-home reared childern of schizophrennic mothers, Heston, , 1966

95. 특성복합체 구인과 학업성취 관련 모형에 대한 타당화 연구, 신예덕, , 2005

96. Creative cognition. In Sternberg, R. J(Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 189-212), Ward, Smith, Finkle, "Creative cognition. In Sternberg, , 1999

97. Understanding, measuring and enhancing individual creative problem-solving efforts, Brophy, "Understanding, , 1988

98. 창의성 연구에 있어서 영역성과 측정에 대한 문제점 분석연구, 이정규, 한국교육심리학회, "교육심리연구, , 2003

99. Family constellation and creativity: increased quantity of creativity among lastborns, Wagner, Schubert, , 1988

100. Risk, vulnerability and resilience: An overview. In E. J. Anthoy & B. J. Cohler(Eds.), Anthony, "Risk, , 1987

101. The creative identity: Creative behavior from the symbolic interactionist perspective, Petkus, , 1996

102. A Comperbensive Reference for Assessment in Psychology, education and business (3rded), Sweetland, "A Comperbensive Reference for Assessment in Psychology, , 1991

103. Motivation and creativity. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 297-312), Collins, Amabile, "Motivation and creativity. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), , 1999

104. 창의성 증진을 위한 교수-학습에 관한 교육심리학의 역할과 과제, 趙夕姬, 한국교육심리학회, 창의성 증진을 위한 교수-학습에 관한 교육심리학의 역할과 과제, , 1999

105. Situational affect: Practice and reactive creativity. In M. P. Shaw & M. A. Mark (Eds.), Heinzen, , 1994

106. Modes of Thinking in Young Children: a study of the creativity- intelligence distinction, Kogan, Wallach, , 1965

107. Reanalyses of student responses to creativity checklists: Evidence of content generality, Plucker, , 1999

108. The psychologist's companion : a guide to scientific writing for students and researchers, Sternberg, Robert J, Cambridge University Press, , 1988

109. A theory of adult intellectual development: process, personality, interests, and knowledge, Ackerman, "A theory of adult intellectual development: process, , 1996

110. Biological bases of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed), Handbook of creativity (pp, 137-152), Martindale, "Biological bases of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed), , 1999

111. The Qatar creativity conference: Research and recommendations for school, family, and society, Soliman, Davis, Kogan, "The Qatar creativity conference: Research and recommendations for school, , 1999

112. The development of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook or creativity (pp. 169-186), Feldman, "The development of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), , 1999

113. The possibility of invention. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), The nature of creativity (pp. 362-385), Perkins, "The possibility of invention. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), , 1988

114. 아동기에서 청년기까지의 창의적 인지와 창의적 인성의 발달경향 연구, 하주현, , 1999

115. A study of the development of young artists: The emergence of an artistic and creative identity, Rostan, , 1998

116. 창의성 교육 프로그램의 유형 및 관련 변인이 창의성 향상에 미치는 효과, 김명숙, 창의성 교육프로그램의 유형 및 관련 변인이 창의성 향상에 미치는 효과, , 1998

117. Bausteine zu einer Naturgeschichte der Intelligenz [Fundamentals of a natural history of intelligence], Hassenstein, , 1988

118. Schizophrenic and creative thinking. In J. M. Ruitenbeck (Ed.), The Creative Imagination (pp. 123-136), Waelder, "Schizophrenic and creative thinking. In J. M. Ruitenbeck (Ed.), , 1965

119. Prebirth and postbirth influence on the relationship between creative ability and recorded mental illness, McNeil, , 1971

120. Kognitionspsychologische Ansatze der Hochbegabungsdiagnostik [Cognitive approaches to assessing giftedness], Bittner, Facaoaru, , 1987

121. The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), Handbook of Creativity (pp. 3-15), Lubart, Sternberg, "The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), , 1999

122. 인문?사회 영재 판별도구 개발연구(Ⅲ)- 언어 영재 판별 검사 도구개발을 중심으로-, 한국교육개발원, , 2002

123. Psychopathology and creative cognition: A comparison of hospitalized parents, Nobel prizes laureates and controls, Rothenberg, "Psychopathology and creative cognition: A comparison of hospitalized parents, , 1983

124. Creating mind. An anatomy of creativity seen through the lives of Freud, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Graham, Gardner, "Creating mind. An anatomy of creativity seen through the lives of Freud, , 1993

125. Implications of a system's perspective for the study creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 312-335), Csikszentmihalyi, "Implications of a system's perspective for the study creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), , 1999

126. Toward a psychology of giftedness: A concept in search of measurement. In B. Wolman (Eds.), Handbook of intelligence (pp. 787-799), Meeker, "Toward a psychology of giftedness: A concept in search of measurement. In B. Wolman (Eds.), , 1985

127. Review of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. In J. V. Mitchell Jr. (Ed.), The ninth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 1632-1634), Treffinger, "Review of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. In J. V. Mitchell Jr. (Ed.), , 1985

128. Creativity-a componential approach. Post conference China meeting of the 11th world conference on gifted and talented children (pp. 5-8), Urban, , 1995

129. Creating creative minds. In A. C. Ornstein, L. S. Behar-Horenstein, & E. F. Pajak(Eds.), Contemporary issues in curriculum(3rd eds., pp. 157-166), Sternberg, Lubart.T.I, "Creating creative minds. In A. C. Ornstein, , 2003

130. With you, without you: The social psychology of creativity, and the beyond. In M. A. Runco & R. S. Albert (Eds.), Theories or creativity (pp. 61- 91), Amabile, "With you, , 1990

131. Auswirkungen verschiedener Fussballtrainingsstile auf Leistungsmotivation [Effects of different styles for coaching football on motivational], University of Hamburg, Herrmann, "Auswirkungen verschiedener Fussballtrainingsstile auf Leistungsmotivation [Effects of different styles for coaching football on motivational], , 1987

132. Society, culture, and person :　A system view of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives (pp. 325-339), Csikszentmihalyi, "Society, , 1988

133. Encouraging and nurturing creativity in school and workplace. In U. Munandar and C. Semiawan (Eds.), (1996), Optimizing Excellence in Human Recourse Development (pp. 78-97), Urban, "Encouraging and nurturing creativity in school and workplace. In U. Munandar and C. Semiawan (Eds.), , 1996

134. Programs and strategies for nurturing creativity. In K. Heller, F. Monk, R. J. Sternberg, & R. E. Subotnik(Eds.), International handbook of giftedness and talent (pp. 485-498), Urban, Cropley, "Programs and strategies for nurturing creativity. In K. Heller, , 2000

135. Programs for the gifted and talented: Issues concerning minority populations. In E Horowitz & M. O'Brien (Eds.), The gifted and talented: Development perspectives (pp. 223-249), Baldwin, "Programs for the gifted and talented: Issues concerning minority populations. In E Horowitz & M. O'Brien (Eds.), , 1985

136. 창의성의 파라독스: 창의성에 관한 종합적 연구와 모델. 김재은 교수정년기념논문집 간행위원회(편.), 인지와 창의성의 심리학(pp. 67-110), 조석희, "창의성의 파라독스: 창의성에 관한 종합적 연구와 모델. 김재은 교수정년기념논문집 간행위원회(편.), , 1996

137. Assessing creative potential via drawing production: the test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production(TCT-DP). In A. Cropley et al. (Eds.), Giftdness: a continuing world-wide challenge, Jellen, Urban, "Assessing creative potential via drawing production: the test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production(TCT-DP). In A. Cropley et al. (Eds.), , 1986

138. Stylistic variation in childhood and adolescence: Creativity, metaphor, and cognitive styles, In J. H. Flavell & E. M. Markman (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 630-706). Cognitive development, Kogan, "Stylistic variation in childhood and adolescence: Creativity, , 1983

139. New conceptions and research approach to eativity: Implications of systems perspective for creativity in education. In K. A. Heller, F. J. Monks, R. J. Sternberg, & R. F. Subotnik(Eds.), International handbook of giftdness and talent (2nd ed., pp. 81-93), Csikszentmihalyi, Wolfe, "New conceptions and research approach to eativity: Implications of systems perspective for creativity in education. In K. A. Heller, , 2000