Ⅰ. Introduction
This study was designed to carry out a more systematic approach to heightening labor flexibility and enhancing group productivity in the food service industry by researching the working conditions and individual characteristics of ir...
Ⅰ. Introduction
This study was designed to carry out a more systematic approach to heightening labor flexibility and enhancing group productivity in the food service industry by researching the working conditions and individual characteristics of irregular workers. The study seeks to determine what influence these conditions have on organizational citizenship behavior through job satisfaction, proposing a program for managing personnel affairs.
In order to fulfill the goal, working conditions and individual characteristics were identified as independent variables and job satisfaction as a mediator variable, and a model was set up to assess the subordinate variable organizational citizenship behavior with 4 major and 17 minor hypotheses.
And as for the basic information for examining the hypothesis, 800 irregular workers at hotels, family restaurants, and regular restaurants were chosen as specimens, and surveys were carried out from August 16th - 26th of 2005, retrieving 700, and using 626 for the actual verification analysis.
The basic information collected was processed by statistical processing programs SPSS 11.0 and SAS 8.2, and A-mos 4.0 was used to search for relationship between the constituting concepts.
Ⅱ. Analytic Result of Hypotheses
1) Four verification results on four major and seventeen minor hypotheses.
First was the relationship between job conditions and job satisfaction (Hypothesis 1).
Verification on Hypothesis 1, which made an assumption that job conditions affect job satisfaction significantly, showed a critical region of 9.342, having statistical significance. The path-coefficient was 0.534, having a positive value, proving that better conditions means higher satisfaction.
Therefore Hypothesis 1 was selected, but Hypotheses 1-1 and 1-2--which assumed on the relationship between salary and job satisfaction, and between working hours and job satisfaction respectively were rejected.
Next was the relationship between individual characteristics and job satisfaction (Hypothesis 2).
Verification of Hypothesis 2, which made the assumption that individual characteristics will affect job satisfaction significantly, showed a critical region of 5.001, having statistical significance. The path-coefficient was 0.371, having a positive value, proving that higher individual characteristics means higher satisfaction.
Therefore Hypothesis 2 was selected, and Hypothesis 2-1 and 2-2 are also selected, which assumed the relationship between a higher level of perception and job satisfaction, and between a sense of value at work and job satisfaction respectively.
The third hypothesis verified was the relationship between individual characteristics and organizational citizenship behavior (Hypothesis 3).
Verification of Hypothesis 3, which made an assumption that individual characteristics will affect organizational citizenship behavior significantly, showed a critical region of 8.614, having statistical significance. The path-coefficient was 0.596, having a positive value, proving that higher individual characteristics means higher organizational citizenship behavior.
Therefore Hypothesis 3 was selected, and Hypothesis 3-1 and 3-2 are also selected, which assumed a relationship between a higher-level perception and organizational citizenship behavior, and between a sense of value at work and organizational citizenship behavior respectively.
Fourth was the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior (Hypothesis 4).
Verification of Hypothesis 4, which made an assumption that job satisfaction affects organizational citizenship behavior significantly, showed a critical region of 5.993, having statistical significance. The path-coefficient was 0.325, having a positive value, proving that higher job satisfaction means higher organizational citizenship behavior. Therefore Hypothesis 4 was selected, and all its subordinate hypotheses were also selected.
2) The result of effect analysis
Effect analysis, which investigates the effectiveness of the factors forming the constituting concept, resulted in the following:
First of all, in individual characteristics, a sense of value at work was more effective than a higher-level perception, and in working conditions, the magnitude of influence was: the appropriateness of skill level > education level > voluntary choice.
In job satisfaction, factors in the order of influence were; working conditions > welfare > evaluation of merits > stabilization > salary > work content > communication, and (in organizational citizenship behavior) participation > virtuous concern > altruistic behavior.
Ⅲ. Program for managing personnel affairs for irregular workers
As can be seen from the general characteristics of this survey, the age level is relatively young, more females than males, more singles than married, subjects living with parents rather than living alone, and education fairly distributed around junior college.
Furthermore, 85% of the participants answered 'voluntary' for the reason for choosing a irregular job; more than 70% answered that their education level exceeded the required level at the workplace, and the voluntary cases showed a little more job satisfaction than involuntary cases, but it was not significant.
To sum up the results, the problem of irregular workers in the food service industry is a generalized phenomenon formed around job seekers with no job experience, coming from school looking for jobs. Therefore the management program for personnel affairs for them should include educational cooperation in curriculum such as more chances for actual field experience, and the introduction of a coaching system and management program for irregular workers.
Ⅳ. Limits and Future assignments
The limits and future assignments for this study are the following:
First of all, the variables affecting job satisfaction for irregular jobs were limited to individual characteristics and working conditions, but other variables can affect job satisfaction; and organizational citizenship behavior cannot be affected just by job satisfaction. Therefore additional research should be conducted on other variables.
Second, the survey was limited to irregular workers in hotels, family restaurants and regular restaurants; therefore it does not necessarily represent the whole industry.
Taking this into consideration, later studies should widen the radius; or rather narrow it down, so a more scrutinized research on population statistical variables can be added to personnel affair management, proposing a more effective strategy.
Third, this study focuses on the irregular worker group in the industry; therefore regular worker groups should be used as a control group, for comparison.
Last, but not least, this study should have included the actual conditions of irregular workers in the food service industry as preceding research, such as the size of the group in the industry, the reason for being irregularly employed, and the problems and plans for improvement.