韓半島 出土 環狀 · 多頭石斧 硏究 = The study of the round- form · the multi-headed stone adze in Korean Peninsula

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The round-form stone and the multi-headed stone adze are distinctive tools that are distributed over the relics of the Neolithic age in Egypt, Southeast Asia and South America. They had been long used from the Neolithic age to the Bronze age although they have been found out a little in comparison with the contemporary remains. This is the same situation in the region that were discovered these adzes. But there are not many studies on the round-form adze and the multi-headed adze in domestic as well as foreign academy. Therefore this study will show the aspect of excavation, the chronicle, the genealogy, and the use of them.
The following is brief researches on them. Those adzes are unearthed at the residential area or the layer of civilization during the Neolithic age and the Bronze age in South and North Korea, Yodong China. The multi-headed adze was only exhumed at the stone-coffin grave near the DuMan river. They were dug out together from the end of the Neolithic age of the first SinAm-ri layer to the Bronze age of the third top-form pottery in North Korea and changed very slowly according to the flow of time. In South Korea, most of them were excavated at the residential district of the Bronze age. The form of dwelling house is mostly rectangular or triangular. And we can find out them from the type of Yeoksam-dong famous for KongYeol and Kusunkakmok, HeunAm-ri with both form and Songkuk-ri. The round-form stone adze in South Korea had been gradually wider and sharper and used at a ritual service since they had used in the early Bronze age up to the stage of Songkuk-ri.
In Korea, the finds of the multi-headed adzes are small and much more one side flat adzes than felling adzes. The combination of stone implement with triangle-form stone arrowhead, flat-form stone blade is connected with middle and down stream in Abrok river and Yodong peninsula. Therefore the unearthed articles of the round-form adzes in Korea are related to the relics of Neolitic age in AbRok river and Yodong peninsula as we consider occasion and the state of exhuming about it. The round-form adze from HamKyeong-Bukdo are similar to the type of RyuJeong-dong in point of the aspect of culture. Besides the stone-coffin grave is comparatively connected with the region of GilLim. Then the adze prevailed when RyuJeong-dong type did at the same time. The appearance of the multi-headed stone adze in the culture range of the top-form pottery is a little different from that in anywhere else and the found number of them is bigger and the remains with them have strong local trait. So it is highly possible that the multi-headed adze is generated of itself. Because the most multi-headed adze of other districts is akin to the round-form adze in respect of the size and the section of the figure, we can see it branched out from the round-form adze.
These adzes have been regarded as the implement of ritual. But judging with the several proofs, it is possible that the round-form adze and the multi-headed are arms. That is, it seems a striker that beat the close target (a person or an animal) in the direction of width. The round-stone that is much more deadly than the round-form adze seems to be used for a long time and developed in various forms. These weapons were overpowering implements and authority to submit people as the elders of the group have it. But the multi-headed stone adze was made more use of the ritual implement than killing something. Comparing with the stone arrowhead and the stone blade, they are definitely weapons and things of authority. And they are utilized wide gradually all over the region in the Bronze age since begun to appear in the end of the Neolithic age. The beginning of the agriculture was the background of diffusion of those adze. In 2000 B. C. the stone implements in Yodong peninsula were considerably changed under the effect of SanDung peninsula. And miscellaneous cereals farming began to propagate in the region where people made their livelihood by collecting foods. It also started near the DoMan river in 1000 B. C.. This grain agriculture came into being the early culture of South Korea and broadened to each region. Moreover, the farming culture with those adze went into Jomonmangi in Japan and was used up to Yayoii.
Here, I merely investigated the chronicle, the genealogy, and the use of the Round-from adze and the Multi-headed adze because of the lack of data. Especially this paper needs a lot of supplement since I excessively tried to suppose the changing course of the time with insignificant remains. Expecting the increase of material, I desire that the relation to those adzes in Japan and Korea should be cleared up.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• Ⅰ. 머리말 = 1
• 1. 硏究대상과 목적 = 1
• 2. 先行硏究 및 問題點 = 1
• 1) 용어의 정의 = 2
• 2) 용도 = 4
• 3) 계보와 시기 = 7
• Ⅱ. 지역별 출토양상 = 10
• 1. 북한지역 = 10
• 2. 남한지역 = 17
• 3. 중국동북지역 = 26
• 4. 출토양상 = 31
• Ⅲ. 분류와 편년 = 33
• 1. 속성분류와 형식설정 = 33
• 1) 환상석부 = 33
• 2) 多頭石斧 = 41
• 2. 단계설정과 편년 = 46
• 1) 북한지역 = 46
• 2) 남한지역 = 49
• Ⅳ. 계보와 용도 = 55
• 1. 계보 = 55
• 2. 용도 = 66
• 1) 環狀石斧와 多頭石斧의 材質과 製作工程 = 66
• (1) 材質 = 66
• (2) 製作工程 = 68
• 2) 용도 = 72
• Ⅴ. 맺음말 = 81
• 참고문헌 = 84