韓國 터널式 爐施設에 관한 試論 - 鐵器時代와 三國時代를 中心으로 = A Study on the Tunnel-type Hearth Facilities of Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

A number of tunnel-type hearth structures have been recently discovered from the pithouses existed in the Three Kingdoms period, and these structures are the proto-type of Gudl(Ondol) representing the typical feature of the Korean dwelling culture. In this thesis, I will term it the tunnel-type hearth facilities that can be distinguished from the existing name of these structures.
Furnace facilities, mainly used for cooking, had been built by forming house wall and the smoking passage part to cross each other in straight. Gudl have a function of heating up the floor and could keep the air fresh inside the room as the fuel hole part is separated from the room. The tunnel-type hearth facilities, however, put the fuel hole part in the room and facilitate the long smoke passage part along the house wall, which could maximize the use of the remaining heat generated from the combustion part.
The tunnel-type hearth facilities can be classified according to their plane figures, the number of smoke passages and construction materials etc. This thesis is mainly focused on the aspects of plane figures of the tunnel-type hearth facilities and grouped into the seven different types ; first, ‘一’-shaped A and B type and second, ‘ㄱ’-shaped A1, A2, B, C1, C2 type in terms of the fuel hole part location, the fire direction and the house figures. There were only ‘一’-shaped B type, ‘ㄱ’-shaped Al type and ‘ㄱ’-shaped C1?C2 type kept to be built in Koryo period and moved on to the forms of Gudl.
It is assumed that the tunnel-type hearth facilities were originated from the areas with Krounovka culture that was the early Iron Age culture of the Maritime Provinces of Russia and the Heilongjiangsheng of China. A number of researches excavated show that the tunnel-type hearth facilities installed in the pithouses in the Krounovka cultural areas turned out to be older than those in the Korean Peninsula. Also the stonebox-shaped hearth facilities had been discovered in this region.
This new form of hearth facilities is the primitive form of the tunnel-type hearth facilities and they gradually replaced the stonebox-shaped hearth facilities.
We can see that ‘一’- and ‘ㄱ’-shaped various tunnel-type hearth facilities appeared in Koguryo period with the development of both housing and building. The scientific aspects have also been noticed from the heating facilities in Koguryo period. It is mainly because of the fuel hole part location which is moved to side of the smoke passage part to make the best of fire heat and prevent striking back at the same time. The fact that there are other equipment for the sake of the smooth flow of air also proves the scientific aspect of the tunnel-type hearth facilities in Koguryo period.
In Hansung-Baekje period, a number of tunnel-type hearth facilities made of clay placed in the square or circle type houses. They can be distinguished from those of Koguryo that put them inside only the square type house and consisted of stones for the hearth facilities.
Furthermore, the furnace facilities composed of clay discovered at the similar time when the tunnel-type hearth facilities were found and the clay furnace facilities became even more common and popular later on.
Influenced by the culture of Koguryo, stone-made ‘一’- and ‘ㄱ’- shaped tunnel-type hearth facilities of one or two smoke passages were mostly built in Ungjin?Sabi-Baekje period. They spread later up to the west-south areas of the Korean Peninsula together with the expansion of the territory in Baekje.
It assumes that furnace facilities and fire pots were used for heating as any houses equipped with the tunnel-type hearth facilities have not been found yet in Silla.
In the mid-Koryo period, there appeared the new stage that a kitchen and a room are divided by separating the fuel hole part?combustion part and the smoke passage part.
The tunnel-type hearth facilities were built in the pithouses, the very previous form of ground houses, which are more advanced heating facilities essential to avoid the cold weather especially in winter and humidity emerged from the floor and wall. Therefore the emergence of the tunnel-type hearth facilities hugely contributed in the advent of the ground houses with the advanced technology in construction enough to build strong walls. The tunnel-type hearth facilities located in the opposite wall of the entrance show the improvement in the general hearth facilities in terms of the space usage and the effectiveness of heating. The tunnel-type hearth facilities with cooking function can maximize the effectiveness of heating and minimize the fuel consumption by keeping proper distances between a cooking pottery and the combustion part floor. They also causes the advance in a dietary life with the advent of the cooking pottery which was always fixed in order to make stable cooking possible.
Throughout the studies done above, it has been cleared that the tunnel-type hearth facilities made a huge contribution to the changes in living and dietary life at that time. Chances are that this studies will give us an opportunity to consider housing in Three Kingdoms period from a new point of view comparing heating facilities according to regions and countries.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• Ⅰ. 머리말 = 1
• 1. 터널식 노시설의 정의 및 각 부분 명칭 = 1
• 2. 연구목적과 방법 = 6
• Ⅱ. 연구사 검토 = 9
• 1. 노시설 일반에 관한 연구사 = 9
• 2. 터널식 노시설에 관한 연구사 = 13
• Ⅲ. 관련 유적 및 유구 검토 = 20
• 1. 북부지역 = 20
• 2. 중부지역 = 27
• 3. 남부지역 = 50
• Ⅳ. 터널식 노시설의 분류 및 지역별 특징 = 59
• 1. 터널식 노시설의 분류 = 59
• 2. 지역별 특징 = 65
• 1) 북부지역 = 65
• 2) 중부지역 = 66
• 3) 남부지역 = 71
• 3. 터널식 노시설의 형식별 편년 = 74
• Ⅴ. 터널식 노시설의 기원과 발전과정 = 79
• 1. 터널식 노시설의 기원 = 79
• 2. 터널식 노시설의 발전과정 = 85
• 1) 고조선 = 85
• 2) 고구려 = 86
• 3) 백제 = 90
• 4) 신라·가야 = 92
• 5) 통일신라와 발해 = 94
• 6) 고려와 조선 = 99
• Ⅵ. 터널식 노시설과 주거문화 = 102
• 1. 지상가옥의 등장 = 102
• 2. 공간의 활용과 분화 = 104
• 3. 취사에서의 변화 = 105
• Ⅶ. 맺음말 = 107
• 【참고문헌】 = 111
• 【도면】 = 119
• 【Abstract】 = 143