관광활동이 관광·여가만족과 웰빙지각에 미치는 영향

국문 초록 (Abstract)

현대사회에 있어서 여가생활 중에 발생하는 여가/관광활동은 삶의 질적 향상은 물론 자기개발, 자아실현 및 행복추구, 건강의 유지 및 증진에 효과적으로 부응하는 역할을 담당하고 있다. 또한 궁극적인 여가/관광의 가치를 수용하고 인간의 심적 내면화를 위해 선택보다는 필수적인 요인으로 자리 잡고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 관광과 여가의 본질을 파악하기 위해, 또 이를 설명할 수 있는 모델을 정립하기 위해 관광활동경험을 통한 관광만족과 여가만족에 관한 것을 재검토하고, 여행/관광의 다양한 경험들에서 얻어지는 만족과 웰빙지각과의 관계를 연구하고자 하였다.
본 연구는 1차적으로 문헌연구를 통해 가설을 설정하고 이를 실증적으로 검증하였다. 실증연구에 필요한 표본은 대도시에 거주하는 시민들로 지난 1년간 국내외 여행경험이 있는 사람들로 선정, 2004년 6월 15일부터 7월 15일까지 한 달 동안 직접 방문하여 배포?회수하였다. 총 415부를 회수하여 이 중 유효한 394부를 사용하여 빈도분석, 요인분석 및 신뢰도 분석은 통계패키지 SPSS 11.0을 이용하였고, 가설검증은 AMOS 4.0을 이용하였다.
검증결과에 의하면, 본 연구에서 제시한 6개의 가설 중에서 5개가 채택되었으며, 구체적인 내용은 다음과 같다.
첫째, 관광활동은 관광만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설을 검증한 결과, 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다.
둘째, 관광활동은 여가만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설을 검증한 결과, 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다.
셋째, 관광만족은 여가만족, 심리적 well-being에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설을 검증한 결과, 두 가설 모두 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다.
넷째, 여가만족은 심리적 well-being에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설을 검증한 결과, 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다.
다섯째, 심리적 well-being은 주관적 well-being에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설을 검증한 결과, 강한 영향관계를 가지고 있는 것으로 분석되었다.
결과에 따른 이론적 시사점은, 첫째, 관광활동이 관광만족, 여가만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설은 관광만족에는 유의한 것으로 나타났지만, 여가만족에는 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 관광만족이 여가만족에 유의할 것이라는 가설은 채택되었다. 이는 관광활동이 여가만족에 유의하다는 선행연구들과는 다소 다른 결과를 보이고 있다. 이러한 결과는 선행연구들에서 사용되어진 관광활동 변수들은 여가활동의 한 유형으로만 측정되어진 결과이며, 관광만족을 여가만족의 매개변수로 보지 않고 사용한 것으로 추론 할 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 관광만족이 여가만족의 매개변수임을 입증하였다는 점에서 이론적으로 의미가 있을 것으로 판단된다.
둘째, 관광만족은 여가만족, 심리적 well-being에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설은 여가만족, 심리적 well-being에 유의한 영향을 미치며, 또한 여가만족이 심리적 well-being에 상당한 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났음은 van Praag 등의 6개의 만족도메인 모두 전반적인 만족에 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 보고하고 있는 연구결과를 간접적으로 지지하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 심리적 well-being의 매개변수로서 관광만족, 여가만족을 확인하였으므로 이론적으로 의미가 있을 것으로 판단된다.
마지막으로, 심리적 well-being은 주관적 well-being에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설 또한 채택되었다. 이는 Ryff(1989), 차경호(1999) 김명소 외(2001), Andrew & Withey(1973) 등의 연구와 일치하며, 또한 정서 well-being은 생활만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것이며, 문화적인 관광영향에 의한 정서 well-being 역시 전반적인 생활만족에 영향을 미치는 것으로 주장 Kim, K.M.(2002)의 연구 결과에 대해서도 지지하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 관광학에 있어서 심리적 well-being변수가 관광만족, 여가만족을 매개변수로 하여 주관적 well-being의 선행변수임을 확인하였다는 점에서 본 연구가 이론적으로 상당한 의미가 있을 것이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 심리적 well-being은 다소 많은 문항들로 인하여 요인분석과정에서 제거해야 하는 어려움이 있었다. 이는 심리적 well-being에 대한 척도와 관련된 문제로 생각할 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 심리적 well-being에 대한 새로운 척도개발이 필요하리라 생각된다.
또한 본 연구는 관광활동을 통한 삶의 질을 연구함에 있어서 삶의 질의 변수로서 심리적 well-being이 주관적 well-being의 선행변수임을 밝히고, 또한 well-being의 매개변수로서 관광만족, 여가만족을 검증하였다는 점에서 관광을 연구하는 사람들에게 선행연구로서의 잠재적인 가치를 포함 할 수 있을 것이다.
또한 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 제시할 수 있는 관리적 시사점은 다음과 같다. 우선 여행업계에서는 일상문화와 생활 자체가 well-being이므로 여행자들이 보다 다양하게 관광을 체험하고 접할 수 있도록 적극적인 마케팅 활동을 해야 할 것이다.
숙박시설 부분에서는 가족휴양촌과 테마파크, 중저가형의 숙박시설, 유스호스텔, 팬션업 등의 확충 및 활성화가 필요하며 비영리 관광여가시설 조성도 적극 이루어져야 할 것이다.
근로시간 단축은 곧 여가시간의 확대를 의미한다. 따라서 여가시간의 확대와 소득향상에 의해 증대될 것으로 보이는 여가수요를 흡수 할 수 있도록 경영자들은 여가/관광에 있어서 서비스 만족 요인, 여행 중 반영되어지는 요소들에 대한 만족 요인, 그 이후의 만족에 대해서 관광객들로부터 매년 샘플을 조사함으로써 모니터 할 수 있어야 할 것이다.
본 연구는 여가/관광활동을 통한 삶의 질을 높이기 위한 방안을 모색하고자 하였으나, 몇 가지 한계점을 지니고 있다. 그러므로 향후의 연구방향은 이런 점들을 보완하여 진행되어야 할 것이다.
마지막으로 관광활동은 우리들의 기분을 이완시키고 스트레스를 해소시켜 주어 우리의 행복수준을 높인다는 것은 의심의 여지가 없는 것 같다. 또한 직장에서는 많은 스트레스를 갖는 사람이라 할지라도 그 나름대로의 여가생활을 가짐으로써 직장의 스트레스를 이겨나가는 것을 볼 수 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In a modern society, tourism/leisure activities, which may arise from tourism/leisure activities, play an efficient role that responds to pursuit of self-development, self- actualization, happiness and maintaining and enhancing health as well as enhancement life quality. Furthermore, they are being recognized as an important component of the structure of society, not as an option but a necessary factor in that they are alternatives by which ultimate values are accepted as well as internalized. Therefore in the present study, we intend to re-discuss tourism satisfaction and leisure satisfaction through tourism activities and study them in relation to quality of life in order to evaluate the nature of tourism/leisure activities and also to establish a model which could explain them.
The hypothesis of this study was established through a bibliographic research and verified empirically. The sample required for empirical research was obtained from citizens living in large cities and then selecting those who have tourism experiences in the past one year-visiting door to door between 15th June 2004 to 15th July 2004. A sample of total 415 questionnaires were collected using 394 results of them, statistical package SPSS 11.0 was used to examine frequency analysis, factor analysis and reliability analysis and AMOS 4.0 was used to examine hypothesis verification. According to the verified results, 5 research hypotheses from 6 hypotheses suggested in this study were adopted and the contents are as it follows
First, having tested the hypothesis that tourism activities would have a positive influence on tourism satisfaction, the result shows that tourism activities were found to have a positive influence on tourism satisfaction
Secondly, having tested the hypothesis that tourism activities would have a positive influence on leisure satisfaction, the result shows that the correlation was not statistically significant.
Thirdly, having tested the hypothesis that tourism satisfaction would have a positive influence on leisure satisfaction and psychological well-being, the result shows that there is a positive influence on both the former and the latter.
Forth, having tested the hypothesis that leisure satisfaction would have a positive influence on psychological wellbeing, the result shows that there is a positive correlation between them.
Fifth, having tested the hypothesis that psychological wellbeing would have a positive influence on subjective well-being, the result shows that there is a strong correlation between them.
The theoretical point advance in the present study followed by the result is as follow. First, the hypothesis that tourism activities would have a positive influence on tourism satisfaction and leisure satisfaction was found to be related with tourism satisfaction but not with leisure satisfaction. Also the hypothesis that tourism satisfaction would be related with leisure satisfaction was supported. This result is, somehow, contrary to the previous study which suggested that tourism activities would be related to leisure satisfaction. This can be reconciled if we consider that the variables of tourism activities used in the previous study were measured only as another form of leisure activities and we can speculate that they may not have used tourism satisfaction as a mediating variable of leisure satisfaction. Therefore on the basis of the result of the present study it can be said that the present study is of theoretically significance since we verified that tourism satisfaction is mediating variable of leisure satisfaction. Secondly the hypothesis that tourism satisfaction would be positively related to leisure satisfaction and psychological well-being was found that tourism satisfaction was associated with both the former and the latter. And the finding that leisure satisfaction has a significant influence on psychological well-being is indirectly supportive of the studies which report that van Praag and others' six satisfaction domains all have an influence on overall satisfaction. Therefore the present study is considered as theoretically significant since it verified tourism satisfaction and leisure satisfaction as mediating variable of psychological well-being.
Lastly, the hypothesis that psychological well-being would have a positive influence on subjective well-being was adopted. This is consistent with the study of Ryff(1989), Cha K.H., Kim M.S. and others, and Andrew & Withey(1973) and is supportive of the study of Kim K.M who reported that spiritual well-being had a positive influence on life satisfaction and also spiritual well-being obtained by the cultural tourism effects had an influence on overall life satisfaction. Therefore the present study can be considered as having a significant implication since it verified that, in the field of tourism, variables of psychological well-being are preceding variables of subjective well-being using tourism satisfaction and leisure satisfaction as mediating variables. Even though this is so, 'psychological well-being' produced some difficulties in having to be removed at the factor analysis process, which may happen due to somewhat too many questions on it. This is because there may have been problems related to the scale on psychological well-being. Therefore it follows that the development of a new scale on psychological well-being is required.
Furthermore administrative points advanced by the result of the present study are as below. First of all since daily cultures and lives themselves are considered as ‘well-being’ in tourism industry, more active marketing activities in which tourists could access and experience a wide variety of tourism activities are to be developed.
Regarding accommodation facilities, the expansion and activation of family resorts, theme parks, medium-low priced dormitories, youth hostels, pensions and more are required as well as active establishment of non-profit tourism/leisure facilities.
Shorter working hours means extended leisure time. Therefore leisure/tourism managers should be able to monitor the research based on the sample of leisure/tourism especially on service satisfaction factors, satisfaction factors reflected during tour and satisfaction reflected after the tour which can be obtained from tourists on a yearly basis in order to absorb leisure demand which is likely to be increased by extension of leisure time and higher income.
Even though the present study intended to find the ways to enhance quality of life, a couple of limitations still exist. Therefore the direction of future studies is that they should progress supplementing these limitations.
Lastly we have seen that there is no doubt that tourism activities enhance our standard of happiness by relaxing our moods and get rid of stresses. And we have also seen that even those who face with many stresses at work, somehow, manage to deal with them by participating in leisure activities.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
• 1. 연구배경 = 1
• 2. 연구목적 = 4
• 3. 연구의 방법, 범위 및 구성 = 5
• Ⅱ. 이론적 고찰 = 7
• 1. 관광활동 = 7
• 1)개념 = 7
• 2)관광활동의 분류 = 9
• 3)선행연구의 검토 = 10
• 2. 관광만족 = 11
• 1)개념 = 11
• 2)선행연구의 검토 = 13
• 3. 여가만족 = 17
• 1)개념 = 17
• 2)선행연구의 검토 = 19
• 4. 삶의 질 = 22
• 1)개념 = 22
• 2)well-being = 25
• 3)선행연구의 검토 = 31
• 4)심리적 well-being과 주관적 well-being의 선행연구 = 36
• Ⅲ. 연구의 설계 = 38
• 1. 연구모형 및 가설설정 = 38
• 1)관광활동과 관광만족, 여가만족의 관계 = 38
• 2)관광만족, 여가만족, 삶의 질과의 관계 = 39
• 3)심리적 well-being과 주관적 well-being의 관계 = 43
• 2. 변수의 조작적 정의 = 44
• 1)관광활동 = 44
• 2)관광만족 = 45
• 3)여가만족 = 45
• 4)웰빙지각 = 45
• (1)심리적 well-being = 46
• (2)주관적 well-being = 46
• 3. 자료수집 및 분석방법 = 46
• 1)표본의 추출 = 46
• 2)설문지 구성 = 47
• 3)분석방법 = 47
• Ⅳ. 분석결과 = 49
• 1. 표본의 특성 = 49
• 2. 측정척도의 평가 = 51
• 1)요인분석과 신뢰도 분석 = 51
• 2)측정모델의 평가 = 58
• 3. 연구가설의 검증 = 62
• 1)연구모형의 검증 = 62
• 4. 연구가설의 검증결과와 논의 = 66
• 1)관광활동과 관광만족의 관계 = 66
• 2)관광활동과 여가만족의 관계 = 66
• 3)관광만족과 여가만족의 관계 = 66
• 4)관광만족, 여가만족과 심리적 well-being의 관계 = 67
• 5)심리적 well-being과 주관적 well-being의 관계 = 67
• Ⅴ. 결론 = 68
• 1. 연구결과의 요약 = 68
• 2. 시사점 = 69
• 1)이론적 시사점 = 69
• 2)관리적 시사점 = 70
• 3. 연구의 한계 및 향후과제 = 72
• 참고문헌 = 74
• Abstract = 97
• 설문지 = 101

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