韓國 塔婆의 門扉 硏究 = (The) Study on Stupa's Munbi(門扉) in Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This Paper newly defines the concept of munbi on the Korean pagodas and monk stupa, and examines munbi on the basis of this new definition. In the early period, there is a room with doors on the inside of the first story of a pagoda. So far only the door in relief, carved on a pagoda or a monk stupa, is considered as general form of a munbi. Therefore, doors of niches on the pagodas of Mireuk Monastery, Bunhwang Monastery and Tapri Monastery should be classified as munbi.
It has been considered that the belief in sarira worship is related to the origin and prevalence of munbi. However, munbi is also a vestige of a door in the early stage of a wooden pagoda in Korea. Munbi is arranged in the middle of the first story, and it is combined with window. A carved door lock or a knob symbolize the existence of inner space. Therefore, the origin of munbi is a door of a wooden pagoda. That is to say, we have to consider that munbi has been carved not only on the base of the belief system, but also on the base of structural and functional tradition. A monk stupa has the same munbi.
The form of munbi is divided into three types. Type Ⅰ is the form of munbi on the pagodas in Mireuk Monastery and Bunhwang Monastery. Many pieces of stone were used to form a frame and a leaf of a door in order to represent the actual form of a door, which is the original form of munbi. The form of munbi on the pagoda of Tapri is type Ⅱ. The molding method was used to express the frame of a door simply. A pagoda with type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ has a room like a niche inside. It means that munbi still has a traditional function of doors of a pagoda. Type Ⅲ is the form of munbi on the so-called typical form of a pagoda. In this stage, the inner room of the pagoda disappeared. It is characterized by molding method and two dimensional expression of a door frame. A lock and a knob were carved on inside of the door frame. Type Ⅲ is also carved on a monk stupa with octogonal roof and house form. As type Ⅲ of monk stupa spreaded rapidly all over the country, this is the most widespread type.
Type Ⅰ shows the origin of munbi and type Ⅱ is in the transient stage between type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ. Even though type Ⅲ appear in the last stage, it is the most prevalent type since the period of Unified Silla. This type is carved on a pagoda and a monk stupa. Each type of munbi is related to the structure of a pagoda. Type Ⅰ and Ⅱ are generally seen on a wooden pagoda or a brick pagoda. Type Ⅲ appeared on a general pagoda since Unified silla.
Munbi are rarely seen on a pagoda or a monk stupa in Joseon dynasty. In fact, it disappeared in the later period. Since Goryeo dynasty, munbi are mostly carved on a monk stupa. In Joseon dynasty, the form of monk stupa became the form of a bell and munbi disappeared automatically. Besides, the number of a pagoda decreased and more decorative ornaments are carved on a pagoda in Joseon dynasty. Therefore, munbi, which has the architectural origin, decreased in the later period.
In this paper, ninety-five examples of pagodas and monk stupas with munbi, are collected and analyzed. This is the first attempt to define the concept of munbi in Korea and analyze the actual examples.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 目次
• Ⅰ. 머리말 = 1
• Ⅱ. 門扉의 起源와 展開 = 3
• 1. 門扉의 意味 = 3
• 2. 門扉의 起源과 展開 = 4
• Ⅲ. 門扉의 形式 = 6
• 1. Ⅰ 形式(문형 문비) = 7
• 2. Ⅱ 形式(문틀형 문비) = 12
• 3. Ⅲ 形式(평면부조형 문비) = 15
• Ⅳ. 門扉의 樣式 變遷 = 31
• 1. 三國時代 = 31
• 2. 統一新羅時代 = 32
• 3. 高麗時代 = 35
• Ⅴ. 門扉의 地域的 分布 = 38
• Ⅵ. 門扉의 美術史的 意義 = 41
• Ⅶ. 맺음말 = 43
• 參考文獻 = 45
• Abstract = 49
• 도판목록 = 52