자녀의 발달단계에 따른 남성의 부성경험 연구 = (A) Study of the male paternal experience according to the developmental phases of children

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The beginning of this thesis is to contrive the understanding for the male father's life. It is also in order to analyze what the paternal experience is as the developmental stages of children, how it changes and develops and what meanings it has for the male development of an adult period. Moreover, so as to be aware of the recognition for figure of children and father, judging from grasping the male father's figure through making sure his consciousness as the historical result. Throughout this thesis, we can observe the developmental phases of father changing with that of children together and analyze what influences this change on the development of male adult. Besides, it is thought to seize the figure of paternal culture today.
On the purpose of this thesis, it includes the following aspects.
First, in order to contrive the understanding for the paternity, I examine psychoanalytic point of view through documents.
Second, I research the contents of the male paternal experience according to the developmental phases of children.
Third, I grasp the meaning that the paternal experience influences the male development of adult period.
Fourth, in order to know the paternal currents, I investigate his consciousness dividing his recognition for children into the recognition for father's figure.
While conducting this thesis, researching methods using individual interviews possible to various probe questions, are to recognize individual experiences for the male father's life. The objects of this thesis are sorted out the pregnancy, infancy, preschool, elementary school, middle/high school, adult from undergraduate to unmarried, having grandchildren on standard of first child and I research each father corresponding to all phases.
First, the following is the contents of the paternal experience according to the developmental phases of children.
1. The characterization of father's the paternal experience is shown that man is also ready to be father during the period of maternity. According to specific results, through this period, he can conscious of himself becoming the man, and his family treat him as a man, so he changes to be self-restraint and be ready for future than the present' satisfaction. The others's congratulation for pregnancy, it makes him more satisfactory and with this feeling he searches for stability with his job. Of course, when he got the pregnancy-news for the first time he could undergo something burden or pleasure period but after that time, he recognize himself as a father. So we can know the less consciousness of wife's pregnancy, the more feeling as a father by the moments of fetus. The father during the period of maternity can experience about pride, responsibility, mystery of life, co-essentiality with friends through wife's pregnancy. Nevertheless the man makes widen his social relationship and good conjugal relations cause of thankfulness for his wife.
2. It is recognizable that the characteristic of the paternal experience having a child from 0 to 3 ages is the adaptation periods the father. Unlike to indirect pregnancy, as he takes care of a child directly, he strongly feels his identity as the father. Owing to this psychological quality, he is intensified the consciousness of support for children and experiences the alteration of becoming a father himself so much. As the individual alteration, the ability of intimacy, protection and responsibility strengthen him and lead to more realistic position for future prospect according to changing thoughts of job and money. In respect of the alteration for relationship, he feels the meaning of family community strongly and comes into close relation with his principal residence and wife's home. The relation formation with children is developed gradually as he experiences it through realistic interaction, and as that process, he is confident and strengthened the father's identity as the father when his child need to him in condition of emergency, though he often frustrates because of comparison with his wife.
3. The characteristic of the paternal experience having a child from 3 ages to preschooler is included the period that the father tries to set the right model as the father. During that period, he hopes to have the paternal authority and desires to become perceived his existence as an important person to his children. This process is the figure of socializing his children, through that process, he can position a member of society prepared to have stability-oriented, conservative and moral features. Beside, children feel that they get to become the center of a male's life strongly and the origin of his life power. Moreover, as children enter the society beyond the family area, they reconsider the proceeding adult and are worried about the accommodating aspect of society and begin to anguish the concrete direction for their future. The relation with wife strengthens the solidarity as the parent rather than the relation with husband and wife, they get along with one another because of more parts of forming their sympathy through common interests to children.
4. The characteristic of the male paternal experience having a child in elementary school is the period appearing the stabilization of father. During that period, a male is stable to the position as the social worker. To spend children together forms the familiarity and stable solidarity in aspect of relation of children though is insufficient to his wife. He is satisfied with growing up their children and his situation on chance of looking back his life. To relation with children, he becomes interested in problems of their education and retrospects his own experience in childhood and resolves their problems. To relation with wife, he trusts her increasingly including the growth of children, but because of disagreement for value of bringing up children, there is the trouble from time to time. However, positive aspects that husband and wife keep the gratitude and love each other through fostering children together rather than negative aspects.
5. The characteristic of the male paternal experience having a child in middle/high school is the period appearing the difficult hardship. During that period, he feels stress about educational problems of children and psychological oppressive sense so much due to the course of children. Moreover, that period is that children enter the adolescence so idealized feature of father is broken and they look on their father as realistic figure and tend to make their own world rather than shared time with their parents. In process, the lack of time with children is actually not only a realistic problem but a difficulty that occurs in developmental process of children. According to that process, we should retrospect our adolescence, re-evaluate the relation with our own father, so understand and accept our own father's life.
6. The characterization of father's the paternal experience having adult from a college man to before-marriage is the period of father that is accepted the children's independence. At the sight of relationship with his children, the children tend to desire their mental and economic independence from parents, so the father have to undergoes and takes these changes. He feels pride and satisfaction for their attitudes but on the other hand he could experience a sense of alienation as there is no more existence his dignity. Overcoming this difficulty, he can make friendship with his children and he realize he must be a model as good for their life-process. After all, he could feel the meaning of his existence and having affirmative self-image.
7. The characterization of father's the paternal experience having grandchildren is having stronger consciousness him as a grandfather than father with self-justice. In these times, he want to be understood as a father to his children because they also had married and got the baby. He feels not only slightness for his own duties as father but also compassion for his son having same life-pattern as like himself. The experience of grandfather can make him just pleasure without the responsibility of fostering.
Second, To consider of the meaning of the paternal experience on the processing of man's adult, we can make the results of the representative adult development theory of Erikson's psychological development theory, Levinson's adult development theory
Precisely, man shows psychological peculiarities advancing through (the paternal experience), for example, those are the ability of making intimacy with others, empathy importation for others, protection, minding, understanding and generosity, responsibility and so on. Also as a personal changes, man caused by stability with his own family and job and then he establishes his self-identity and makes a pleasant companionship so he has got reconstructive and enlarge his social relationship.
In process of maturing children, the man re-experiences his own childhood and this makes him solve his psychological problems and elevate self-understanding levels, and accept his parents. Also, when the man to be senescence, man can experience of his own self-perfection through his father. These characters is to be known with Erikson's adult development for giving chances to conferments of self-identity, intimacy, genarativity, integrety. Likewise it can show us that these construct Levinson's 'becoming-himself' and give affirmative effects for the fact that he was to be father through the crisis of the former, middle and latter adult period
Third, the result in characterization of father's consciousness and the feature of father for the paternity is like this.
So to speak, the meaning of children has important statue that makes solid to the part of family cooperation on conjugal relations. For man as an individual, it can be a chance to start new life and get responsibility of children's life and feel life's eternity. Also children is to be the special being that would give pleasure and sufficiency to their parents for taking care of children without paying. With these reasons, the children can be consolate and friendly not just receiving. Yet there are the minimum number that father must to provide theirs old age forever.
Next, the result for the characterization of feature of father is like this. These days, it shows that almost fathers want to be the feature of father that looks like tending to relative and expressive. But they also look forward to be the being that alway generous and leading their children to the right way and supporting and trusting them so becoming model case for them having children's respects. It means that becoming father is reflected the image of korean vituous image
At the same time, children sublate the father who always works without talking or listening to them. So, according to some research, fathers who want to have time with their children feel hardship because it is difficult to harmonize his social life with domestic life.
Fathers point that they attach great importance to the familial band more than patriarchal authority and want to be more friendly than severe in many aspects. Some people worry about these because it can make their children as overprotectiveness or impoliteness and oversupplying for theirs material and educational life.
At last, according to the part of purposing decision for children's problems to know the father's authority, it shows us unilateral hierarchy is more mutual-respectable than others. Especially, when children was young the wife has more time to do with them so, they are easy to follow mother's decision and then children are to be grown fathers give the right to decide to children themselves.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차 = ⅰ
• Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 = 1
• 2. 연구 문제 및 용어 정의 = 3
• 3. 연구 방법 및 연구절차 = 5
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 = 13
• 1. 부성의 이해 = 13
• 2. 발달이론으로 본 성인기 발달 특성 = 16
• 1) 에릭슨 (Erikson)의 심리사회적 발달이론 = 17
• 2) 레빈슨(Levinson)의 성인기 발달이론 = 19
• 3. 자녀 발달단계에 따른 특성 = 20
• Ⅲ. 자녀발달 단계에 따른 부성경험의 내용 = 26
• 1. 아내의 임신기 남성의 부성경험 : 아버지로의 준비기 = 26
• 2. 0에서 3세 이하의 자녀를 둔 남성의 부성경험 - 아버지로의 적응기 - = 39
• 3. 3세에서 취학전 자녀를 둔 남성의 부성경험 - 아버지로서의 올바른 모델 형성기 - = 44
• 4. 초등학생 자녀를 둔 남성의 부성경험 - 아버지로서의 모델 정착기 - = 49
• 5. 중·고등학생 자녀를 둔 남성의 부성경험 - 도전의 아버지기 - = 56
• 6. 대학생에서 결혼 전 성인기 자녀를 둔 남성의 부성경험 - 자녀의 독립을 수용하는 아버지기 - = 65
• 7. 자녀를 출가시켜 손자녀를 둔 남성의 부성경험-할아버지 정체감이 강한 아버지기- = 71
• Ⅳ. 남성의 성인기 발달에 미치는 부성경험의 의미 = 78
• 1. 아버지됨(Fathering)의 경험을 통한 남성의 심리적 특성과 개인적 변화 = 78
• 2. 에릭슨의 심리 사회적 발달이론을 통해서 본 부성경험의 의미 = 98
• 3. 레빈슨의 성인기 발달이론을 통해서 본 부성경험의 의미 = 100
• Ⅴ. 자녀에 대한 인식 및 아버지상의 변화 = 102
• 1. 남성에 있어서의 자녀의 의미 = 102
• 2. 사회변화에 따른 아버지상 = 112
• Ⅵ. 요약 및 결론 = 128
• 1. 요약 = 128
• 2. 결론 = 133
• 참고문헌 = 136
• 부록 : 질문내용 = 144
• Abstract = 149