The purpose of this study is to generate a entity theory that defines the self-support process of women in poverty. By using grounded theory methodology formulated by Strauss and Corbin in 1998, this study attempts to find out the answer of this resea...
The purpose of this study is to generate a entity theory that defines the self-support process of women in poverty. By using grounded theory methodology formulated by Strauss and Corbin in 1998, this study attempts to find out the answer of this research question, "During self-support, what kinds of experience poor women have?"
Sample was drawn from poor women who left National Basic Livelihood Security System (NBLSS) after participating in self-support programs for more than six months and now being employed either by private companies or self-support complexes. Participants were recruited with assistance of local supporting centers located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do areas. Interviews were conducted only with those who consent to suggestions.
Data was gathered from February to April 2004. Before interviews, I collected written consents after distributing interview guides to participants. The interviews were recorded on tape and were transcribed afterwards. Data collection and analysis were conducted simultaneously. As the data analysis method of Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory indicates, after identifying, categorizing and describing phenomena found in the text with open coding, I fitted things into a basic frame of generic relationships at the stage of axial coding. Lastly, through selective coding, I choose one category to be the core category, and related all other categories to that category to develop a storyline and classify the types.
After conducting open coding, 101 concepts, 38 subcategories and, 18 categories were drawn. According to the results of categorical analysis by the paradigm in axial coding, the casual condition of poor women's experiences during rehabilitation process was ‘entering to welfare system,’ and central phenomenon was ‘enduring difficulties to take care of children.’ The contextual conditions of the central phenomenon were ‘negative perception to herself as welfare recipients,’ and ‘responsibility as parents.’ Action strategies that agents perform in response to the phenomenon were, ‘accepting the situation not as restraints, but as opportunities,’ ‘finding solution within institutional conditions,’ ‘building strong will for self-reliance,’ ‘seeking other ways outside institutional support,’ and ‘aggressively starting new lives.’ The intervening conditions were ‘perception on lives relying on the support of the government,’ ‘perception on the likelihood of self-support through institutional system,’ and, ‘supporting system.’ The consequence were ‘stabilization of lives,’ ‘opportunity for further development,’ ‘confident manner in tackling difficulties,’ ‘being satisfied with outcomes even though it is not fully satisfactory,’ ‘uneasiness to be independent,’ and ‘repeated frustration.’
Poor women's self-support was confirmed to be a four-step process: ‘entering welfare system,’ ‘consolidating herself for future lives,’ ‘predicting new lives,’ and ‘moving ahead for new lives.’
‘Entering welfare system’ refers to a stage in which agents apply to welfare assistance as they were forced to be responsible for the livelihood of their kids or families.
‘Consolidating herself for future lives’ refers to a stage in which women admit herself as welfare recipients and consolidate herself to take care of their families, particularly for their kids. Even though feeling uneasy with the current status, they take it as a new opportunity to receive help for a while from others to achieve self-reliance, rather than as a stigma or restraint to their lives. The strategies they adopt in this stage are ‘accepting the situation not as restraints, but as opportunities’ and ‘building strong will for self-reliance.’
At the stage of ‘predicting new lives,’ recipients aggressively participate in self-support programs that are mandatory for them to receive cash assistance and be strongly encouraged by supports from friends and relatives, which consequently harden their will for self-reliance. As a result, recipients start having a positive view on their future lives from this stage. The strategies they adopt are ‘finding solution within institutional conditions,’ ‘building strong will for self-reliance,’ and ‘aggressively starting new lives.’
‘Moving ahead for new lives’ refers to a stage in which recipients put their plans on future lives into practice and prepare things which are necessary to this achievement. The strategies they adopt in this stage are ‘aggressively starting new lives,’ and ‘seeking other ways outside institutional support,’
The core category I have found through selective coding was ‘enduring difficulties for the well-being of their kids by using institutional support as a stepping stone for self-support.’ After examining relationship between the core category and other categories, I derived four categorical types such as ‘ready to rehabilitation type,’ ‘afraid of being independent type,’ ‘repeated frustration type,’ and ‘escaping without solutions type.’
‘Ready to rehabilitation type’ includes those who voluntarily applied for welfare assistance and believe that the government's support will help them independent eventually. Rather than supports from family members or friends, they mostly relied on service workers in rehabilitation supporting centers. By using strategies such as ‘accepting the situation not as restraints, but as opportunities,’ ‘finding solution within institutional conditions,’ ‘building strong will for self-reliance,’ and ‘aggressively starting new lives,’ they obtained ‘opportunity for further development,’ ‘confident manner in tackling difficulties,’
‘Afraid of being independent type’ refers to those who applied for welfare assistance with the introduction of others by chance and have a weak confidence that they will be independent with the help of the government's assistance even though they don't have negative view over welfare system. Rather than service workers from self-support supporting centers, they more rely on parents, brothers, sisters, and friends. Even though they attempted to make the best use of institutional benefits and were strongly encouraged thanks to the support of their friends and family members, they didn't actively participate in rehabilitation programs, rather looked for another jobs. It is highly unlikely, however, for them to settle through this way. As a result, they had a gloomy view over their future lives and thus, were afraid of being independent.
Those included in ‘repeated frustration type’ applied for welfare assistance in the hope that application can be beneficial to them. However, they felt shame on their status as welfare recipients and expressed a strong will not to hand it down to their children. They tried to do their best to be a responsible parents to their children despite difficulties they faced. While having a negative view over lives relying on the government assistance, they positively viewed the likelihood of rehabilitation through institutional support. They more relied on the support of self-support supporting centers than that of family members and friends. They actively participated in self-support programs and were very cautious about choosing jobs that seem to go well with themselves. Based on skills obtained through self-support programs, they prepared themselves for seeking new job opportunities. However, they expressed worry about being retarded in the programs' activities due to their incapability of understanding the program policies, which resulted in repeated frustration to them consequently.
‘Escaping without solutions type’ refers to those who applied for welfare assistance without fully knowing about welfare recipiency just by the introduction of the others. Even though applying for welfare assistance to maintain their livelihood, they felt shame on their status as welfare recipients and expressed a strong will not to hand it down to their children. In addition, they showed worry about being burden to their kids when they are on their old age. They had a strong negative view about lives relying on the government's support and, also, about likelihood to be self-supported through institutional assistance. Rather than preparing the future by participating in self-support programs and making the use of institutional supports, they just poorly maintained livelihood and actively sought other jobs available outside institution.
In conclusion, this study demonstrated the poor women's self-support process of ‘enduring difficulties for the well-being of their kids by using institutional support as a stepping stone for self-support’ as above analysis showed.