개념지도 작성에 근거한 무형식학습 개념의 형성 과정 탐구 = Exploration of the formation of the concept in informal learning based on the conceptual mapping

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 무형식학습이 성인교육에서 출발하였음에도 불구하고, 무형식학습 사용 빈도에 비해 평생교육관점에서 근본 뿌리에 대한 논의가 제대로 이루어지지 않아 아직도 개념의 지형도가 정립되어 있지 못하다는 문제의식에서 출발하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 개념지도 작성 전략을 통해 무형식학습의 개념이 어떻게 형성되었는지를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 연대별로 무형식학습의 문헌자료를 바탕으로 개념 형성 과정을 분석하고 무형식학습의 이론적 논의와 관련된 계보를 개념지도로 작성하였다. 그 결과, 무형식학습의 근간은 성인의 경험과 반성적 사고, 상황과 맥락, 안드라고지, 행동과학에 상호영향을 주었고, 평생교육의 역사적 변화과정을 반영하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과가 평생교육에 주는 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 삶의 변화와 특성을 반영한 맥락적, 통합적 관점에서 무형식학습 연구가 이루어져야 하며, 둘째, 성인의 성찰, 의도성, 자율성에 근거하여 무형식학습 과정에 대한 논의가 요구된다. 셋째, 무형식학습의 연구대상과 방법이 다양하게 적용되어야 한다는 것으로 요약된다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

There has hardly ever been properly discussed about its basic root and concept at a viewpoint of lifelong learning in spite of the fact that informal learning began with adult education. For that reason this study started with critical perspective that the concept of informal learning was not established comparing with the frequency of use. This study is aimed at understanding how the concept of informal learning formed on the basis of the conceptual mapping. For this purpose, this study analyzed the formation process of concept on the basis of the documentary data on informal learning by chronicle and made up the genealogy related to theoretical discussion about informal learning into a conceptual mapping. As a result, it was found that the basis of informal learning has been expanded while having an mutual effect on adults' experience and reflective thinking, situation and context, andragogy, behavioral sciences, and also reflects historical transition process of lifelong learning. The implications suggested to lifelong learning by such results are as follows: First, the research on informal learning should be done at a contextual and integrated viewpoint reflecting the changes of the life; secondly, it is required that there should be a discussion about the process of informal learning based on adults' reflection, self-direction, autonomy; thirdly, the research of the subject and method should be diversely applied.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 문제 제기
• II. 무형식학습의 의미, 분석 시기와 방법
• III. 무형식학습 개념 형성과정과 개념지도
• IV. 결론

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 교육부, "해설자료: 평생교육법, 평생교육법시행령, 평생교육법 시행규칙" 교육부 2000

2 이희수, "학습사회에서 학습경제로의 전환 논리와 그 의미" 7 (7): 211-238, 2001

3 이희수, "평생학습지원체제 종합발전방안 연구(1)" 한국교육개발원 2000

4 차갑부, "평생교육의 이해" 학지사 2006

5 한숭희, "평생교육론: 평생학습사회의 교육학" 학지사 2004

6 김종서, "평생교육개론" 교육과학사 2000

7 김기덕, "인적자원개발 실무자의 은유에 관한 연구" 중앙대학교 대학원 2009

8 백평구, "인적자원개발 개념 분석을 통한 정체성 탐색" 한국농·산업교육학회 41 (41): 201-228, 2009

9 박형민, "유네스코 평생교육의 형성 전개" 서울대학교 대학원 2004

10 한국교육개발원, "성인의 평생학습 실태" 한국교육개발원 2009

11 배을규, "성인교육의 실천적 기초" 학지사 2006

12 최상덕, "비형식, 무형식학습 인증의 현황과 과제-OECD 국제조사 참여연구" 한국교육개발원 2006

13 위영은, "병원행정조직 사회 연결망에서의 무형식학습 연구" 중앙대학교대학원 2010

14 한숭희, "무형식학습과 대중문화" 한국교육원리학회 2 (2): 1997

15 국립국어원, "무형식" 국립 국어원

16 이성엽, "기업에서의 무형식 학습에 대한 사례 연구 -A은행을 중심으로-" 고려대학교 대학원 2008

17 안동윤, "기업에서의 무형식 학습에 관한 연구-Action Learning 사례를 중심으로" 중앙대학교 대학원 2005

18 서울대학교 교육연구소, "교육학 용어사전" 하우동설 2000

19 김한별, "교사의 무형식 학습에서 사회적 자본의 의미" 한국성인교육학회 13 (13): 27-45, 2009

20 김혜영, "간호사들의 무형식학습 양상에 관한 사례연구" 한국직업교육학회 28 (28): 181-207, 2009

21 Forens, S. L, "Workplace commitment: A conceptual model developed from integrative literature review" 7 (7): 339-357, 2008

22 Kegan, R, "What "Form" transforms?: A constructive-developmental approach to transformative learning. in: Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress" Jossey-Bass 35-69, 2000

23 Brookfield, S, "Understanding and facilitating adult learning: A comprehensive analysis of principles and effective practices" Jossey Bass 1986

24 Mezirow, J, "Transformative dimension of adult learning" Jossey-Bass 1991

25 Marsick, V. J, "Towards a theory of informal and incidental learning in organization" 11 (11): 287-300, 1992

26 Coombs, P. H, "The world crisis in education" Oxford University Press 1968

27 Education Development Center, "The teaching firm : where productive work and learning converge" Center for Workforce Development 1998

28 Manceil, C, "The supervisor as a facilitator of informal learning in work teams" 13 (13): 246-253, 2001

29 Titcomb, T. J, "The social context of informal adult learning: an ethnography of a church choir" The Temple University 2000

30 Coombs,P.H, "The need for a new strategy of educational development.Comparative Education" 14 (14): 75-89, 1970

31 Knowles, M, "The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy" Adult Educator 1988

32 Lindeman, E, "The meaning of adult education" New Republic 1926

33 Houle, C. O, "The inquiring mind. Madison" University of Wisconsin Press 1961

34 Tough, A, "The adult's learning projects: A fresh approach to theory and practice in adult learning" The Ontario Institute for studies in Education 1979

35 Yorks, L, "Strategic human resource development" South-Wstern 2005

36 Candy, P, "Self-direction for lifelong learning" Jossey-Bass 1991

37 Knowles, M, "Self-directed learning: A guide for learner and teachers" Association Press 1975

38 OECD, "Recurrent education: A strategy for lifelong learning" OECD 1973

39 Maureen, A, "Parent-child conversation about science and literacy: Links between formal and informal learning. in: Lifelong in places: The informal education reader" Peter Lang Publishing 123-138, 2006

40 Agyris, C, "Organizational learning: a theory of action perspective" Addison Wesley 1978

41 Radcliff, D. J, "Nonformal education. in: Lifelong education for adults: An international handbook" Pergamon Press 60-64, 1989

42 Coombs, P. H, "New paths to learning for rural children and youth" International Council for Educational Development 1973

43 OECD, "Networks of innovation: Towards new models for managing schools and systems" OECD 2003

44 Evans, N, "Making sense of lifelong learning: Respecting the needs of all" RoutledgeFalmer 2003

45 Mocker, D. W, "Lifelong learning: formal, non-formal, informal and self-directed. Information series No. 241, ERIC Clearing House on Adult Career and Vocational Education" The National Center for Research in Vocational Education 1982

46 Longworth, N, "Lifelong learning: New vision, new implications, new roles for people, organizations, nations and communities in the 21st century" Kogan Page 1997

47 Tough, A, "Learning without a teacher: A study of tasks and assistance during adult self-teaching projects" The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education 1967

48 Merriam, S. B, "Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (3rd ed.)" Jossey-Bass 2007

49 Novak, J. D, "Learning how to learn" Cambridge University Press 1984

50 Boud, D, "Learning from others at work. communities of practice and informal learning" 15 (15): 194-202, 2003

51 Skule, S, "Learning conditions at work: a framework to understand and assess informal learning in the workplace" 8 (8): 8-20, 2004

52 OECD, "Korea and the knowledge-based economy: Making the transition" OECD 2000

53 OECD, "Innovative networks: Cooperation in national innovation systems" OECD 2001

54 Marsick, V. J, "Informal learning on the job" Berrett-Koehler 1999

55 Eraut, M, "Informal learning in the workplace" 26 (26): 248-273, 2004

56 Marsick, V. J, "Informal and incidental learning. in: The new update in adult learning theory" Jossey-Bass 25-34, 2001

57 Marsick, V. J, "Informal and incidental learning in the workplace" Routledge 1990

58 Knowles, M, "Informal adult education: A guide for administrators, leaders, and teachers" Association Press 1950

59 Garrick, J, "Informal Learning in the workplace: Unmasking human resource development" Routledge 1998

60 Garrick, J, "Informal Learning in corporate workplace" 9 (9): 129-134, 1998

61 Billet, S, "Guided learning at work" 12 (12): 272-285, 2000

62 Swanson, R. A, "Foundations of human resource development" Berrett Koehler 2009

63 Kolb, D, "Experiential learning experience as the source learning and development" Prentice-Hall 1984

64 Dewey, J, "Experience and education: The 60th anniversary edition" Kapa Delta PI 1998

65 Engeström, Y, "Expansive learning at work: Toward an activity theoretical re-conceptualization" 14 (14): 133-155, 2001

66 OECD, "Employment and growth in the knowledge-based economy" OECD 1996

67 OECD, "Dynamising national innovation systems" OECD 2002

68 Duensing, S, "Culture matters: Informal science centers and cultural contexts. in: Lifelong in places: The informal education reader" Peter Lang Publishing 163-183, 2006

69 Ellinger, A. D, "Contextual factors influencing informal learning in a workplace setting" 16 (16): 389-416, 2005

70 Weinberger, L, "Commonly held theories of human resource development" 1 (1): 75-93, 1998

71 Caffarella, R. S, "Characteristics of adult learners and foundations of experiential learning. in: Experiential learning: A New approach. New directions for continuing education, 62" Jossey-Bass 29-42, 1994

72 Marsick, V. J, "Approaches to studying learning in the workplace. in: Learning in the workplace" Croom Helm 171-198, 1987

73 Sense, A. J, "An architecture for learning in projects?" 16 (16): 123-145, 2004

74 Livingstone, D. W, "Adults' informal learning: Definitions, findings, gaps and future research" Centre for the Study of Education and Work 2001

75 Jarvis, P, "Adult learning in the social context" Croom Helm 1987

76 Brookfield, S, "Adult learners, adult education and the community" Open University Press 1983

77 Stubblefield, H. W, "Adult education in the American experience: From the colonial period to the present" Jossey-Bass 1994

78 Baynes, P, "Adult education auxiliaries and informal learning. in: A history of modern british adult education" NIACE 308-332, 1996

79 Conlon, T. J, "A review of informal learning literature, theory and implications for practice in developing global professional competence" 28 (28): 283-295, 2004

80 Lewin, K, "A dynamic theory of personality" McGraw-Hill 1935

81 Schugurensky, D, ""This is our school of citizenship" informal learning in local democracy. in: Lifelong in places: The informal education reader" Peter Lang Publishing 163-183, 2006