유아의 틀린 믿음과 실행기능의 발달 및 관계 = The Relationship between Children's False Belief Tasks and Executive Functioning Tasks Based on Theory of Mind

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This research intended to reveal relations among major mechanisms of children's cognitive development by uncovering the age differences in children's false belief tasks and executive functioning tasks, and correlations among variables. Each of twenty children of 3, 4, and 5 years old from a child care center in Kyungki area were participated in location change tasks and unexpected contents tasks for false belief tasks, and suppression tasks and delay tasks for executive functioning tasks. The data were analyzed with F test, Scheffe test, and Pearson's correlation. The results of this study were as followed. First, significant age difference between 3 and 5 years old children in total scores of false belief tasks were revealed. Second, children showed age differences between 3 and 4, and between 3 and 5 in the degree of peeking which was a sub- factor of gift delay task from executive functioning tasks. Third, correlation between false belief tasks and executive functioning tasks was not found.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 유아의 틀린 믿음과 실행기능의 연령별 차이를 밝히고, 각 변인간의 상관관계를 알아봄으로써 유아인지발달의 주요기제 간 관련성을 밝히는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 경기지역에 위치한 어린이집 3, 4, 5세반 유아 각 20명을 대상으로 틀린 믿음 과제로 위치교체과제와 내용교체과제를 실행기능과제로 억제과제와 지연과제를 실시하였다. 수집자료는 F 검증과 Scheffe 사후검증, 그리고 Pearson 적률 상관분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 유아의 틀린 믿음 과제수행능력의 연령에 따른 차이를 알아본 결과 틀린 믿음 과제 총점은 3세와 5세간에 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 둘째, 유아의 실행기능 과제 수행능력의 연령에 따른 차이를 알아본 결과 실행기능과제 중 선물지연과제의 하위요소인 엿본 정도는 3세와 4세, 그리고 3세와 5세간에 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 셋째, 유아의 틀린 믿음 과제수행능력과 실행기능과제수행과의 관계를 살펴본 결과 둘 사이의 상관관계는 나타나지 않았다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 유지연, "타인의 오류신념에 대한 유아의 표상 이해 발달" 중앙대학교 대학원 1997

2 나유미, "유아의 틀린 믿음과 또래관계기술과의 관련성에 대한 연구" 총신대학교 대학원 2004

3 김소해, "유아의 오류신념에 대한 유아의 이해" 이화여자대학교 대학원 1994

4 서은주, "유아의 마음이론과 실행기능 발달관의 관계" 한양대학교 교육대학원 2006

5 이명주, "실행기능의 차원과 영역별 발달" 한국임상심리학회 25 (25): 587-602, 2006

6 이동화, "실재와 다른 신념에 대한 학령 전 아동의 이해:행동예언의 발달적 변화" 경북대학교 대학원 1994

7 김기예, "수용언어 및 표현언어능력에 따른 유아의 실행기능과 또래상호작용" 미래유아교육학회 14 (14): 167-197, 2007

8 Wellman, H. M., "Young children's reasoning about beliefs" 30 : 239-277, 1988

9 Seidman, L., "Toward defining a neuropsychology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Performance of children and an adolescents from a large clinically referred sample" 65 : 150-160, 1997

10 Perner, J., "Three-year-olds' difficulty with false belief: The case for a conceptual deficit" 5 : 125-137, 1987

11 Frye, D., "Theory of mind, domain specificity, and reasoning in : Children's reasoning and the mind" Psychology Press 149-167, 2000

12 Frye, D., "Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning" 10 : 483-527, 1995

13 Perner, J., "Theory of mind and executive function: Is there a developmental relationship in : Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism and developmental cognitive neuroscience" Oxford University Press 150-181, 2000

14 Astington, J. W., "Theoretical explanations of children's understanding of the mind" 9 : 7-31, 1991

15 Miyake, A., "The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex frontal lobe tasks: A latent variable analysis" 41 : 49-100, 2000

16 Carlson, S. M., "The role of inhibitory processes in young children's difficulties with deception and false belief" 69 : 672-691, 1998

17 Gestadt, C. L., "The relationship between cognition and action: Performance of 3.5 to 7 year olds on stroop-like day-night test" 53 : 129-153, 1994

18 Ziv, M., "The relation between desire and false belief in children's theory of mind: No satisfaction" 39 : 859-876, 2003

19 Astington, J. W., "The Child's Discovery of the Mind" Harvard University 1993

20 Peake, P. K., "Strategic attention development for delay of gratification in working and waiting situation" 38 : 313-326, 2002

21 Perner, J., "On representing that: The asymmetry between belief and desire in : Children's theory of mind" Lawrence Erlbaum 139-155, 1991

22 Speltz, M., "Neuropsychological characteristics and test behaviors of boys with early onset conduct problems" 108 : 315-325, 1999

23 Carruathers, P., "Language, thought and consciousness: An essay in philosophical psychology" Cambridge University Press 1996

24 Kochanska, G., "Inhibitory control in young children and its role in emerging internalization" 67 : 490-507, 1996

25 Carlson, S., "Individual differences in inhibitory control and children's theory of mind" 72 : 1032-1053, 2001

26 Carlson, S., "Individual differences in executive functioning and theory of mind: An investigation of inhibitory control and planning ability" 87 : 299-319, 2004

27 Carlson, S., "How specific is the relation between executive function and theory of mind? Contributions of inhibitory and working memory" 11 : 73-92, 2002

28 Wellman, H. M., "From simple desire to ordinary beliefs: The early development of everyday psychology" 35 : 245-275, 1990

29 Wellman, H. M., "From desires to beliefs: Acquisition of a theory of mind. In A. Whiten (Ed.). Natural theories of mind: Evolution, delopment, and simulation of everyday mindreading" Basil Blackwell 19-38, 1991

30 Sabbagh, M. A., "Executive functioning and preschoolers' understanding of false beliefs, false photographs, and false signs" 77 : 1034-1049, 2006

31 Ozonoff, S., "Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind" 32 : 1081-1095, 1991

32 Duncan, J., "Disorganization of behavior after frontallobe damage" 3 : 271-290, 1986

33 Diamond, A., "Developmental time course in infants and infant monkeys, and the neural bases of inhibitory control in reaching" 608 : 637-676, 1990

34 Diamond, A., "Development or an aspect of executive control: Development of the abilities to remember what I said and to "Do as I say, not as I do."" 29 : 315-334, 1996

35 Perner, J., "Development of theory of mind and executive control" 3 : 337-344, 1999

36 Wellman, H. M., "Developing a theory of mind in : Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development" Blackwell 167-187, 2004

37 Reynolds, B., "Delay of gratification and delay discounting: A unifying feedback model of delay-related impulsive behavior" 55 : 439-460, 2005

38 Simpson, A., "Conditions under which children experience inhibitory difficulty with a "button-press" "go/no-go task"" 94 : 18-26, 2006

39 Friedman, W., "Children's representations of the pattern of daily activities" 61 : 1399-1412, 1990

40 Zelazo, P., "An age-related dissociation between knowing rules and using them" 11 : 37-63, 1996

41 Rusell, J., "Agency: It's role in mental development" The Psychology Press 1996

42 Welsh, M. C., "A normative developmental study of executive function: A window in prefrontal function in children" 7 : 131-149, 1991

43 신은수, "3, 4, 5세 유아의 마음이론 발달과 가장놀이, 언어의 표상 능력, 실행기능, 그리고 중앙통합 능력과의 관계" 한국유아교육학회 25 (25): 65-90, 2005