新羅 國學의 成立과 變遷 = Establishment and Development of Silla Gukhak

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Silla Gukhak was modeled on Gukjagam of the Tang dynasty China. Its establishment was initiated by Kim Chun-chu who had visited Tang in the 2nd year of King Jindeok(648) and observed seokjon(釋奠), a memorial ceremony, and lectures at Gukjagam. First, two of the daesa(大舍) and two of the sa(史) were installed in yebu in the 5th year of the king(651), and then the government institution named 'Gukhak'(‘國學’) was founded in the 2nd year of King Sinmun(682), right after the unification.
The foundation at that time was incomplete. In February of 686, four years later, envoys were sent to Tang to ask for Yegi(『禮記』) and anthologies; in November of 717, the 16th year of King Seongdeok, daegam(大監) Suchung(守忠) came back from Tang bringing a portrait of Confucius with him and placed it in Gukhak; in 747, the sixth year of King Gyeongdeok, the positions of baksa(博士) and jogyo(助敎) were installed in Gukhak and intended to operate its educational functions properly; there was also set up 'Confucius jodang'(‘孔子廟堂’).
Dokseosampumgwa brought about innovative changes in recruitment system for the Silla kingdom. Some understand that dokseosampumgwa was the graduation examination of Gukhak, but its subjects were different from curriculums of Gukhak and at even lower difficulty level, which suggests that dokseosampumgwa was not only taken by Gukhak students but also by others including individual Confucian students from various classes ranging from jingol to the 4th dupum.
Allegedly there was a controversy over an appointment to the position of sosu in Yanggeunhyeon the next year after dokseosampumgwa had been first practiced. The sijung of Chipsabu recommemded Jaok to the position, but the Chipsasa(執事史), one of the lowest positions, Mocho resisted that saying Jaok had not been a registered student. Accordingly it would be plausible to consider that it was widely accepted to appoint candidates from Gukhak or dokseosampumgwa as local officials and as central government officials as well. Here, it is noticeable, however, that local official positions were open to those who had studied in Tang.
The number of students who studied in Tang increased sharply in the later Silla period. They decided to study in Tang Gukjagam, not in Silla Gukhak, because that would made them favored by the Silla government. The more people applied for studying in Tang, the less room was left for Gukhak graduates. At the time, administrative problems with recruitment were serious, judging from an anecdote of Nokjin, who advised sangdaedeung Chungong sick in bed with nervous breakdown of recruitment problems. In the circumstances, the status of Gukhak was low, and dokseosampumgwa was not firmly established. Any person who wanted to be a government official should study in Tang China.
Meanwhile, Gukhak became important during the reign of King Gyeongmun and Heongang. In the late 9th century, there were some changes with Gukhak: it was renamed 'Gukjagam', and Gukjahak and Taehak were founded.

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