빨리율에 나타나는 3종의 승단관리자 = Three Types of Monastic Managers Appearing in Vinayapitaka

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In Vinayapitaka, roughly the following five titles that seem to have done diverse chores on behalf of bhikkhu or bhikkhuni; that is, samanera, upasaka, aramika, veyyavaccakara, and kappiyakaraka. They do work such as cleaning on behalf of bhikkhus or bhikkhunis, or play the role of assisting bhikkhus not to violate religious precepts. Among them, the identities of samanera and upasaka are relatively clear because these are so called basic members of the Buddhist order referred to as one of four groups(四衆) or seven groups(七衆). A samanera is a male preliminary disciplinant bonze before receiving upasampada(具足戒) and becoming a bhikkhu and an upasaka is a male laity. On the other hand, the statuses and roles of aramika, veyyavaccakara, and kappiyakaraka in the Buddhist order are unclear in many aspects. They do not seem to be at the same status as slaves subordinate to the Samgha. As managers of the Samgha, they are quite closely related to monastic managers and handling diverse affairs. This study is intended to review the examples of these three types of managers appearing in Vinayapitaka and figure out the characteristics of each of them. The results of review in this study are summarized as follows. Their major work is commonly the execution of kappiya(淨法) for bhikkhus, in other words, making behaviors prohibited in study places lawful. However, aramika is particularly related to residence management. They were the first labor manpower accepted for the first time by the Samgha for cleaning, repairs, or construction of arama that was major lodging of bhikkhus and they seem to gradually become to play the role of managing or handling the alms given to the Samgha or bhikkhus. Meanwhile, kappiyakarakas seem to have been closely related to the certain area, dietary life. Their roles seem to have become more special as the acts of storing food or materials or the acts of cooking food in the Samgha were gradually permitted. As for veyyavaccakara, although details cannot be known as not only the number of examples is quite small but also the contents are not accurate, rather than being manpower in charge of certain areas such as aramika or kappiyakaraka, it is assumed to be a term referring to diverse workers in charge of chores in the Samgha including aramika and upasaka.

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