전쟁과 평화: 미국 전쟁 수행 방식의 ‘반정치적’ 성향을 사례로 = War and Peace: With Special Reference to the American ‘Anti-political’ Way of War

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Reviewing American ‘anti-political’ way of war from the perspectives of political ethic and military strategy is the main topic of this article. According to Carl von Clausewitz, “war is only a branch of political activity.” In other words, “politics … is the womb in which war develops.” In order to understand the ‘anti-political’ characteristics in the American way of war, therefore, we have to investigate the American style of political ethic along with her military strategy. At first, I will elucidate Max Weber’s two types of political ethics, i.e., the ethic of conviction and the ethic of responsibility respectively in detail. And then, I will introduce the essence of Clausewitz’s conception of strategy briefly with the help of Raymond Aron’s study on Clausewitz. According to Aron, “the primacy of politics, in fact, permits the control of escalation, the avoidance of an explosion of animosity into passionate and unrestricted brutality. … The reasonable conduct of politics is the only rational one if the goal of the intercourse among states is the survival of all, common prosperity, and the sparing of people’s blood.” In other words, every war guided by the ethic of responsibility could be limited war and ultimately contributed to a political peace. In contrast, American style of political ethic historically molded in the tradition of Puritanism is very closely approached to the ethic of conviction. According to Weber, however, the ethic of conviction itself is ‘anti-political’ or religious ethic. That is why the American way of war guided by the ethic of conviction cannot but be concluded as ‘anti-political’ or Crusade. For example, political peace, the primacy of politics, war termination, limited war etc. are very alien in the history of American wars, not to mention Vietnam War, Gulf War, and Iraq War etc. The decline of America today is closely related with the American ‘anti-political’ way of war, however. The future of America will depend upon how to return to ‘political,’ not to ‘anti-political,’ way of war.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 논문에서는 정치윤리와 군사전략 측면에서 미국 전쟁 수행 방식의 ‘반정치적’ 성향을 분명하게 파악해 보고자 한다. 먼저 베버의 사회학에서 제시된 정치윤리와 아롱이 제시한 국제정치윤리의 특성을 비교적 자세히 검토할 것이다. 기존 정치학에서 정치윤리와 국제정치윤리에 관한 논의가 대체로 누락되었고, 그로 인해 정치윤리와 국제정치윤리의 시각에서 미국의 전쟁 수행 방식을 비판적으로 검토한 연구가 국내외 학계에서 거의 전무한 사정을 감안할 때, 정치윤리와 국제정치윤리를 자세히 검토할 필요가 있다고 본다. 이어서 클라우제비츠가 제시한 군사전략의 핵심을 간결하게 소개할 것이다. 클라우제비츠의 군사전략도 단편적으로 인용되는 경우는 많지만, 그것의 핵심을 체계적으로 파악한 경우는 그렇게 많지 않다고 본다. 이 논문에서는 클라우제비츠의 연구를 대표하는 레이몽 아롱의 시각을 주로 참조하면서 논의를 전개할 것이다. 또한 베버의 정치윤리, 아롱의 국제정치윤리, 클라우제비츠의 군사전략 등의 시각에서 미국이 수행한 베트남 전쟁, 걸프 전쟁, 이라크 전쟁 등을 차례로 검토하면서 미국 전쟁 수행 방식의 ‘반정치적’ 성향을 명료하게 드러낼 것이다. 그리고 그러한 반정치적 성향이 미국의 쇠퇴를 강제하는 결정적 요인 중 하나라는 점을 주장할 것이다. 끝으로 한국 정치가 미국 전쟁 수행 방식의 반정치적 성향으로부터 반면교사로 삼아야 할 부분을 간략하게 제언하고자 한다.

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