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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 발행기관 : University of Hawaii (검색결과 305 건)
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Size measurement of humpback whales using underwater videogrammetry
Spitz, Scott S University of Hawaii 1999 해외박사(DDOD)
I describe a new, inexpensive technique, underwater videogrammetry, to measure sizes of individual whales while simultaneously obtaining data on identity, behavior, sex, and social role. A snorkeler uses an underwater digital video camera and a portable sonar device to record full-body views of a whale and to determine camera-whale distance. Standard computer hardware and software are used subsequently to capture individual frames of full-body images and to measure whale length relative to the camera's calibrated field of view at the measured distance. Calibration tests with objects of known size produced mean coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 0.82% to 4.32% and error values ranging from 0.5% to 4.6%. The technique was applied to humpback whales (<italic>Megaptera novaeangliae</italic>) in Hawaii. The mean CVs for repeated independently-measured lengths of individual humpback whales were 3.08% for mothers (mean length (ML) = 12.49 m) and 2.57% for single escorts (ML = 11.76 m). These error values compare favorably with those of other photogrammetric techniques. A sex ratio biased toward males was evident among both immature (69.5%) and mature whales (58.7%). Overall the mean length of non-calf whales increased across the season as a result of migratory patterns. Whales of immature length frequently occupied the following social roles: secondary escorts, partners in dyads, single escorts, singers, singletons, and whales in larger non-competitive groups. In dyads, immature males associated most frequently with immature females. Larger nuclear animals were documented with more and larger escorts. Larger males were most likely to be principal escorts, suggesting that body size is an important factor in determining male dominance and reproductive success. Generally principal escorts (ML = 12.30 m) were larger than males occupying all other social roles, supporting physical competition as the primary male mating strategy. The smaller sizes of singers (ML = 11.60 m), single escorts, and male partners (ML = 11.37 m) suggest that these roles are secondary strategies utilized by subordinate males. Larger mothers had larger calves. A growth rate of 60–75 cm/mo was estimated for neonate calves. Parturition and conception appear to span several months, begin during the southbound migration, and peak during January.
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A qualitative study of epistemologies and pedagogies of environmental practitioners in Maui, Hawai'i
Buczynski, Sandra C University of Hawaii 2002 해외박사(DDOD)
This dissertation presents a discussion of the knowledge systems and teaching styles of five environmental practitioners in Maui, Hawaii. The voices of the informants illustrate the beliefs, values, and priorities relevant to local environmental knowledge production and exchange, and are also used to provide a framework for models of epistemological and pedagogical practices. In this qualitative research, several models of local environmental knowledge emerged. The models include local environmental knowledge as a semiotic system, knowledge given and received from narrative sources, experiential based knowledge, and place and plant priorities in seeking and dispensing environmental information. The notion of what constitutes environmental knowledge was expanded through careful interpretation of the informant's voice. Several broad conclusions concerning local environmental knowledge emerged from this research. First, local environmental knowledge is formed through a long-term relationship between the practitioner, the land, and natural resources. Secondly, each of the environmental practitioner's local environmental knowledge is dynamic, plural and hybrid. And finally, transmission of the environmental practitioner's local environmental knowledge is integral to the life of the community as well as a component of their personal identities. Through these local environmental practitioners, endemic knowledge is shared, indigenous species are spared, traditional practices are passed down, customary ways are preserved, and unique ways of knowing and teaching are appreciated. <italic>'A'ohe papu ka 'ike i ka hālau ho'okāhi</italic>. All knowledge is not taught in the same school. One can learn from many sources (Pukui, 1983: 24).
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Holocene sea level history and reef development in Hawaii and the central Pacific Ocean
Grossman, Eric Edward University of Hawaii 2001 해외박사(DDOD)
Sea-level reconstructions from Pacific Islands generally agree with model predictions (ICE-5G) that regional variations in Earth's viscoelastic response to deglaciation produce unique sea-level histories in particular island settings. Coral reef proxies of sea-level movements vary in their temporal and spatial response to sea-level change, wave energy, and antecedent topography, often limiting their ability to validate model predictions. Detailed substrate mapping and 32 drill cores from the windward fringing reef of Kailua Bay, Oahu, Hawaii indicate that Holocene reef accretion initiated ca. 7900 yr BP at −24 m and distinct architectural styles of development resulted from differential wave exposure. The topography of a drowned paleostream exerted a fundamental control by providing accommodation space below wave scour for more than 11 m of vertical accretion. The internal core of the reef consists of more than 4 m of rudstone, including stricture that preserves the paleostream meanders. Persistent tradewind waveforcing has promoted prolific coralline algae growth, sediment production, and cementation that reduce porosity and enhance lithification. Plasticity, the capacity to adopt a variety of colony forms, has enabled a few resilient coral species including <italic> Porites lobata, Montipora patula,</italic> and <italic>M. capitata</italic> to adapt to physical stress and dominate in environments less suitable for other species. The modern surface community is characterized by six distinct cor-algal reef communities exhibiting different stages of succession, although little accretion has occurred since 3500 yr BP due to century-scale wave disturbance. Because of limited accommodation space for Holocene reef development on Oahu, favorable settings for accretion have been sites of low topography, below wave scour (and concussion) and areas of wave energy dissipation. Differential island subsidence controls reef accretion signatures between the main Hawaiian Islands, while wave energy, through its modulation of accommodation space, largely governs reef development within individual islands.
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Tinitali, Peter University of Hawaii 2002 해외박사(DDOD)
This research documented inservice teachers and college instructors perspectives on a long standing professional development education program in American Samoa. This research study gathered and analyzed a wide array of interview responses that a defined group of educators' shared—responses that relate to cultural, professional, and educational issues about students, instructors and professional development curriculum in American Samoa. Initially this study sought to assess the effectiveness of a mentorship program, analyzing how it supported professional development and incorporated interagency communication. A closer look and further interpretation of several themes (i.e., discourses of culture, language, and curriculum within the professional development model) as they came to be present in the interview sessions, established how colonial characteristics of the past have impacted and created an educational system in American Samoa that historically and currently moved away from the traditional Pacific ways and toward closer alignment with the educational system of the West. This dissertation study sought to understand and address how these stated discourses impacted: (1) Indigenous cultural and language education; (2) culturally appropriate professional development for indigenous and non-indigenous educators'; (3) culturally relevant curriculum for the Pacific people; and (4) colonizing educational practices in the Pacific and the West.
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