Panhellenic Sorority Women's Reported Experiences and Perceptions of Hooking Up on Campus

Kelley, Melissa A University of Rochester 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

According to Stanley (2002), Americans' view of how commitment in a relationship develops appears to be changing. While research investigating sexual attitudes and behaviors of college students dates back decades, it was not until about the year 2000 that studies addressing hooking up or a "hook up culture" on college campuses began being published (Stinson, 2010). "Hooking up" is not a new term. Much of the research that currently exists asserts that the ambiguity of the phrase "hooking up" is part of the reason for its popularity (Glenn and Marquardt, 2001). The use of alcohol appears to be common in most, if not all, studies related to college students and hooking up. According to Kimmel (2008), virtually all hooking up is paired with copious amounts of alcohol, oftentimes, more alcohol than sex. When considering a college students' use of alcohol, one should consider that gender as well as campus norms play a very powerful role in the decisions that students make. Additionally, a gap appears to exist in the current literature about Panhellenic sorority women and how they navigate a social scene with easy accessibility to alcohol as well as hooking up. For the purposes of this study, the researcher was interested in what Panhellenic sorority women's experiences and perceptions of risk are in the context of hooking up and using alcohol on North University's campus. Keywords: Hooking up, sorority, alcohol, risk, college.

Anti-Neutrino Charged Current Quasi-Elastic Scattering in MINERnuA

Chvojka, Jesse University of Rochester 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

The phenomenon of neutrino oscillation is becoming increasingly understood with results from accelerator-based and reactor-based experiments, but unanswered questions remain. The proper ordering of the neutrino mass eigenstates that compose the neutrino flavor eigenstates is not completely known. We have yet to detect CP violation in neutrino mixing, which if present could help explain the asymmetry between matter and anti-matter in the universe. We also have not resolved whether sterile neutrinos, which do not interact in any Standard Model interaction, exist. Accelerator-based experiments appear to be the most promising candidates for resolving these questions; however, the ability of present and future experiments to provide answers is likely to be limited by systematic errors. A significant source of this systematic error comes from limitations in our knowledge of neutrino-nucleus interactions. Errors on cross-sections for such interactions are large, existing data is sometimes contradictory, and knowledge of nuclear effects is incomplete. One type of neutrino interaction of particular interest is charged current quasi-elastic (CCQE) scattering, which yields a final state consisting of a charged lepton and nucleon. This process, which is the dominant interaction near energies of 1 GeV, is of great utility to neutrino oscillation experiments since the incoming neutrino energy and the square of the momentum transferred to the final state nucleon, Q<super>2</super>, can be reconstructed using the final state lepton kinematics. To address the uncertainty in our knowledge of neutrino interactions, many experiments have begun making dedicated measurements. In particular, the MINERνA experiment is studying neutrino-nucleus interactions in the few GeV region. MINERνA is a fine-grained, high precision, high statistics neutrino scattering experiment that will greatly improve our understanding of neutrino cross-sections and nuclear effects that affect the final state particles in neutrino interactions. We present the first cross-section measurement for MINERνA, the differential cross-section <math> <f> <fr><nu><rm>d<g>s</g></rm></nu><de><rm>dQ²</rm></de></fr> </f> </math> for muon anti-neutrino CCQE scattering on polystyrene scintillator (CH) as well as comparisons to several final state models.

Underwriting business, trading volume and analyst career concern

Zhang, Yong University of Rochester 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

Despite all the arguments that the compensation structure of analysts causes analysts to be overly optimistic in their earnings forecasts, two links are missing from the existing research. The first missing link relates analyst compensation to their job performance in terms of underwriting fees and trading commissions. The second missing link relates the importance of underwriting fees to the incentives for analysts to be overly optimistic. This paper provides empirical evidence on these two links. First, I test hypotheses that relate analyst job performance to career outcomes, where job performance is measured by an analyst's contribution to generating underwriting business and trading commissions and career outcome is measured by an analyst's movements up or down the brokerage house hierarchy or disappearance from the I/B/E/S universe. I find that the measures of analyst performance are positively associated with an analyst's career outcomes. However, with regard to the second missing link, empirical analysis fails to provide support for the conjecture that analyst optimism helps underwriting performance; on the contrary, more optimistic analysts show significantly worse future underwriting performance. By providing evidence on the validity of competing theories that imply incentives for analysts to bias their forecasts upwards, this paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the source(s) of the apparent optimistic bias observed in analyst forecasts.

A Study Examining Professional Development Socialization and the Process of Role Transition to Identify the Personal Self for Students Who Have Successfully Completed the Registered Nurse First Assistant Program at the University of Rochester School of Nursing from 2005-2009

Smith, Pamela C University of Rochester 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

Aim. The aims of the study are to: examine professional development socialization for students who have successfully completed the University of Rochester School of Nursing First Assistant Program from 2005--2009, describe role transition from an RN/APN to a RN First Assistant to identify the personal self, and develop a tool to measure professional development socialization and the personal self for RN First Assistants. Methods. Based upon the professional development socialization for advanced practice nurses as described by Hixon (2000), a professional development socialization model for the RNFA was developed and used as the conceptual framework to guide this mixed methods study. Qualitative data from former RN First Assistant students (n=9) was collected using semi-structured, open-ended questions by means of a sample of convenience. The data from the interviews was used to identify the dimensions of the personal self (items=8) and guide the revision of the quantitative survey. The survey was distributed to former RN First Assistant students who attended the University of Rochester School of Nursing RN First Assistant program from 2005--2009 (n=51). Results. The results from the interviews identified the eight dimensions of the personal self. Survey results revealed a response rate of 36%, (n=18) and showed minimal if any statistical difference for the eight dimensions of the personal self. The lack of statistical significance is most likely due to the small population size. Conclusion. The results from this study are preliminary and reflect the early work for examining professional development socialization and the process of role transition to identify the personal self for RN First Assistants. Although the role of the RN First Assistant has been recognized since 1977 when the American College of Surgeons issued documents supporting RNs as an assistant in surgery (Association of periOperative Registered Nurses, December, 2005, para. 1), there remains a lack in the literature that describes the outcomes for RN first assistants in regards to professional development socialization and role transition. This early work is a first of its kind and will contribute to the literature and provide a foundation for the advancement of the role of the RN First Assistant and provide empirical evidence for changes in the AORN educational standards and to the core curriculum used in educational programs. The findings from this study support the role of the RN First Assistant, which will be important as we move forward with health care reform and address the national surgeon shortage to ensure safe quality care for persons with surgical needs.

Regarding race: The social dynamics of identities in the talk of health encounters

Pope, Charlene Ann The University of Rochester 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

In health care, social differences affect how people perceive, speak with, listen, and interpret one another. Recent health service studies report that Black and White patients in the United States with the same symptoms, gender, and insurance are treated differently as they communicate in a predominantly White health system. In the health professions, predominant discourses of competence, caring, culture, and colorlessness neglect the social construction of race, making investigation difficult. Because Black and White people participate in common and separate speech communities, interracial and monoracial health encounters differ, but remain under-investigated. Rather than concentrate on message content or a speaker's point of view, this study uses Communication Accommodation Theory to examine how doctors and patients speak with one another during visits. Because participants actively negotiate their social identities, the talk of the health encounter affects both the visit process and its consequences. This quality of care analysis of the University of Rochester study <italic> Measuring Adolescent Preventive Services</italic> (<italic>MAPS</italic>) uses conversation analysis to examine selected interviews after finding significant differences in health promotion advice by race. A random sample of 14 Black and White teens matched in co-pairs (privately insured, same gender, similar age) speak with the same White physicians in compared encounters. The investigation specifically compares structural, expressive, and interactional speaking activities as units of analysis. Comparable teen focus groups provide a feedback source of interpretations. Across racial categories, teens experience authoritarian physician styles, gender-specific practices, teasing, restricted questions, comments of social bias, and heterosexual assumptions. All teens receive less health promotion advice than recommended (AMA), but Black teens receive less than White teens, with less positive affect, time, talk, humor, participation, and White physician self-disclosure, and more selective attention, close-ended questions, missed cues, stereotypes, threats, power-oriented interruptions, and White withdrawal from experiences with racism. In monoracial and interracial health encounters, language use shifts according to race, altering communicative competence, the quality of care, visit content, and health promotion advice. Differences in ethnic vernacular are not associated with racial differences in process and outcomes. These findings require interventions to reduce racial disparities and improve communication curriculum for health professionals.

Three-dimensional sonoelastography: Principles and practices with application to tumor visualization and volume estimation

Taylor, Lawrence Steven The University of Rochester 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

Sonoelastography is an ultrasound imaging technique first proposed by Parker and Lerner at the University of Rochester in the 1980's. In this modality low amplitude, low frequency shear waves (less than 0.1 mm displacement and less than 1 KHz frequency) are propagated deep into tissue, while real time Doppler techniques are used to image the resulting vibration pattern. When a discrete hard inhomogeneity, such as a tumor, is present within a region of soft tissue, a decrease in the vibration amplitude will occur at its location. This forms the basis for tumor detection using sonoelastography. The acquisition of a commercial scanner modified to do vibration Doppler imaging provided the opportunity to implement sonoelastography as a real-time imaging system. Sonoelastography is applied to the imaging of hard lesions in ultrasound phantoms, thermal necrosis lesions induced in liver tissue and <italic>in-vitro</italic> prostate cancer detection. A lesion model using the injection of formaldehyde in liver tissue is developed and explored. Sonoelastography and magnetic resonance images of a tissue phantom containing a hard isoechoic inclusion are compared to evaluate the accuracy of this method. The principles behind this imaging modality are explained and the practical aspects of acquiring sonoelastography images are described. Results are shown from three-dimensional sonoelastography reconstruction of <italic>ex-vivo</italic> whole prostate specimens containing prostate cancer.

Effects of repeated secretin administration on a subset of children with pervasive developmental disorder

Krusch, Deborah A The University of Rochester 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

Thirty seven children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder ranging from 3--6.75 years of age participated in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of human synthetic secretin. Participants were enrolled at the Rochester, New York site of a multi-site study, which also included the Mayo Clinic, University of California at Davis-MIND Institute, University of Maryland, and the Southwest Autism Research Center. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 3 injections (secretin or placebo) given at 2-week intervals. Secretin was found to have a positive effect on expressive language as measured by verbatim language samples obtained at baseline and follow-up. Samples were obtained from videotaped segments of the balloon and bubble play portions of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale-Generic (ADOS-G). Number of different utterances and mean length of utterances were scored from videotapes of the ADOS-G by three raters blind to both time and condition. Interrater reliability yielded intraclass correlations of .999. All of the study participants had a mean length of utterance less than 2.25 morphemes at baseline, placing them at Stage 1 of language development. Notably, at follow-up only the secretin-treated subjects had advanced to Stage 2, that is, had an average of greater than 2.25 morphemes per utterance. Overall, the secretin-treated group had a greater number of utterances at follow-up than those in the placebo group. Secretin did not significantly improve receptive language, behavior, sociability, or gastrointestinal functioning over baseline for either group as measured by the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory, Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale-Generic, Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Ghuman-Folstein, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-Expanded, a Gastrointestinal Symptom Checklist, or the Clinical Global Impression inventory completed by parents and the investigator. Results suggest a slight, although statistically significant, improvement in expressive language for the secretin-treated group at follow-up. These findings stand in contrast to most of the previous single and repeated dose double blind studies. The results of this study, although promising, are based upon a small sample. Therefore, some negative results may be due to insufficient statistical power and even the positive results should be confirmed on a much larger sample in order to fully characterize secretin's influence on language in children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder.

Constructing a nation's music: Howard Hanson's American Composers' Concerts and Festivals of American Music, 1925--1971 (New York)

Kalyn, Andrea Sherlock The University of Rochester, Eastman School of Mus 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

“The name of Howard Hanson means American music to me.”<super> 1</super> So wrote Martha Alter in <italic>Modern Music</italic> in 1941. Indeed, as Director of the Eastman School of Music for forty years, Hanson (1896–1981) established a considerable reputation as an advocate of American music. His greatest efforts towards securing this recognition were manifested in the American Composers' Concerts and Festivals of American Music held at the Eastman School from 1925 to 1971. From its inception, composers, critics, and scholars proclaimed the significance of the “Rochester Project.” Yet scholars have given Hanson's project scant attention. No critical discussion of the concerts has appeared, even in the sole secondary source dedicated to the concerts—the “Cumulative List of Repertoire,” compiled by Charles Riker and edited by Ruth Watanabe.<super> 2</super> The diverse extant documentation makes possible a much more accurate and comprehensive consideration of Hanson's American-music project. The series had various manifestations: American Composers' Concerts, Festivals of American Music, the publication of scores, orchestral symposia, commercially released recordings, radio broadcasts, and student symposia. Through the project, Hanson sought not only to promote and encourage young American composers, but to develop a broadly based audience for mainstream American orchestral composition; the unusual prosperity of the Eastman School through the mid twentieth century allowed him to pursue this goal more actively than any other institution. During forty-seven seasons of the American Composers' Concerts and Festivals of American Music, Hanson programmed more than two thousand works by more than nine hundred composers; more than half of these performances were premieres. The current study relies on the wealth of extant archival material to reconstruct Hanson's series, and hence to bring to musicological awareness a neglected body of music. The dissertation further explores both Hanson's role as the driving force behind the series and the changing contexts within which he worked. It demonstrates how extensively, and in what distinctive ways, he contributed to, and served as a recognized advocate for, the growth of American music. <super>1</super>Martha Alter, “Howard Hanson,” <italic> Modern Music</italic> 18 (January–February 1941): 84. <super>2</super>Ruth Watanabe, ed., <italic>American Composers' Concerts and Festivals of American Music, 1925–1971: Cumulative Repertoire</italic> (Rochester, NY: Institute of American Music, 1972).

The diffusion of industrial products

Mohanty, Sanjib Kumar University of Rochester 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

It is important for marketers of new industrial products to understand the factors that influence a firm's decision to adopt new technologies and products. Extant marketing literature on diffusion of new products primarily focuses on consumer goods. Further, while most of the extant marketing studies on diffusion of new products emphasize the role of innovation and imitation, also known as word-of-mouth, behavior of consumers, they overlook the role of the benefits that the product provides to end users. While the innovation and imitation effects explain, to some extent, why consumers delay their purchases, they do not answer the basic question of why consumers would consider purchasing the new product in the first place. In the two essays of this dissertation, we model the diffusion of new industrial products based on the net benefit obtained from these products and the waiting behavior of the purchasing firms. The first essay of this dissertation builds an aggregate diffusion model based on these premises. We hypothesize and prove that a wage-price effect arising out of the labor-saving property of the new industrial product exists, in addition to the well-established imitation effects. In the second essay of this dissertation, we develop and estimate a dynamic structural model of adoption of a new industrial product. Specifically, we examine the adoption of checkout scanners by the supermarket chains. The dynamic structural model of adoption is developed based on the learning behavior of profit maximizing supermarket chains. Results of the empirical analysis reinforces the finding of the first essay, that the diffusion process is dependent more on product benefits than on word-of-mouth. While word-of-mouth does have a significant role in the initial periods, its role is insignificant in the later stages when firms have better knowledge about product benefits. Adoption by others, however, does play a big role even in the later stages, since non-adopting firms need to adopt to remain competitive, when competitors have adopted the technology. The findings from both the essays provide important implications in terms of early potential and forecasts, targeted salesforce efforts and optimal pricing.

Essays in dynamic contracts under lack of commitment

Hauser, Christine University of Rochester 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

This thesis is a collection of essays on dynamic contracts under lack of commitment. In Chapter l, we consider the case of two players in continuous time who have privately observable opportunities to do favors, and where the arrival process is a poisson process. We characterize the Pareto frontier of Public Perfect Equilibria (PPE) and show that it is self-generating. This guarantees that the equilibrium is renegotiation proof. We also find that optimal PPE have two key characteristics. First, the relative price of favors decreases with a player's entitlement and second, the disadvantaged player's utility increases over time during periods of no trade, so in the optimal equilibria there is forgiveness. Chapter 2 studies efficient risk sharing between two agents in the presence of a public good under a lack of commitment. One agent controls the provision of the public good, whereas the second agent can contribute indirectly to its provision by making monetary transfers to the first. Using minmax punishments, we look for the Pareto frontier of the Subgame Perfect Equilibrium payoffs and characterize the model's equilibrium. Agents' consumptions and continuation values covary positively with their income levels. In the case where the constraint for the public good provision binds, both agents' private consumptions increase at the expense of the public good provision. In the long run, if some first best allocation is sustainable, the long-term equilibrium will converge to a first best allocation. Otherwise, agents' utilities oscillate over a finite set of values. In Chapter 3, we apply the theory from Chapter 2 to the problem of optimal child support payments between separated parents where the custodial mother exclusively controls the child's consumption. We incorporate the legal background by allowing for strict child support guidelines and enforcement. The model predicts an increase in the ratio of mother to child consumption as a result of the law. Using CEX data on unmarried mothers with and without child support, we find evidence backing our theory.