Managing Disasters Through University Co-provision of Public Services: The Role of Managerial Problem Framing and Organizational Structure

Yu, Suyang Arizona State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

The roles of American Universities/colleges assets, knowledge and partnerships with local governments during disasters and emergencies become more important but have not been emphasized sufficiently in the scholarship community. Universities/colleges have provided disaster services in partnership with local government through different ways: providing facilities and logistical support (e.g., disaster sheltering), critical knowledge support (e.g., disaster information forecasting), and human resources and special expertise support (e.g., university hospitals and voluntary work of nursing and medical students/faculty). Through 34 interviews with emergency managers from both universities/colleges and local governments, and a national survey of 362 university emergency managers, this dissertation finds that: First, previously established partnerships between universities/colleges and local governments can reduce coordination costs when disasters happen and can facilitate new partnerships on disaster preparedness. Second, local government capacity gap in responding to disaster needs is a critical precondition for universities/colleges to participate in the disaster service co-provision, which is not specified or examined by other co-production, co-creation, or co-management theories. Third, internal coordination efforts within universities/colleges can facilitate external coordination activities with local governments to guarantee efficient disaster service provision. Fourth, a disaster resilience culture needs to be facilitated within universities/colleges to develop a robust disaster response plan. Furthermore, first response providers' health and wellbeing should get more attention from universities and local governments to maintain a sustainable and healthy workforce as well as efficient disaster response.

Modern Slavery Unmasked White Ignorance, Jewish Racelessness, and Christo-Fascism in the United States Anti-Trafficking Movement

Dunn, Molly Arizona State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

Since the late-19th century, academic researchers, nonprofits, and law enforcement have organized in coalition to combat the problem of human trafficking in the United States, while distorting the social consequences of their interventions. This dissertation is an ethnographic and historical examination of the anti-trafficking movement in Arizona. In addition to conducting archival research, data was collected through direct observations of academics, local nonprofit leaders, and law enforcement at anti-trafficking events that were open to the public. By examining vast, invisible antitrafficking coalitions in Arizona from the 20th century to today, it becomes clear that coalitions garner power and profit by facilitating the criminalization of sex workers and offering support for other groups, most notably Mormon polygamists, whose religious practices can be tantamount to trafficking. Combining Charles Mills' (2007) concept of white ignorance and the nonprofit industrial complex (INCITE!, 2009), this study draws on literature from critical race theory and feminist theory to interrogate how Christofascist discourses of the 19th century white slavery movement continue to guide antitrafficking coalitions in the contemporary United States. As a social formation in which bourgeois white women have always held influence, this exploration of anti-trafficking activism pivots around political, economic, and cultural conceptions of white Christian women's capacity to reproduce the white race in the United States which has been since its foundation a Christian nation. In turn, there is limited scope and depth of awareness about the complexity of race, gender, class, agency, in relation to the problems associated with trafficking in Short Creek, Arizona, as well as the interventions that were implemented in response to human trafficking following the reign of Fundamentalist Latter-Day Saints' Prophet, Warren Jeffs. In documenting and analyzing the organizing strategies of professional actors responding to human trafficking between 2016-2021, results generated from this research suggest that the anti-trafficking movement's discourses are steeped in contradiction, to the effect of reproducing racial capitalism and necessitating the eradication of the trafficking framework. It reveals how the differential treatment of agency among trafficking victims in different communities, whether the women and children in polygamous families, or sex workers in Phoenix, has enabled their ongoing exploitation.

Indigenous College Students' Violent Victimization, Help-Seeking, Service Utilization, and Needs: A Mixed-Methods Approach

Stanek, Kayleigh A Arizona State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

Indigenous Peoples (Native American, American Indian, and Alaska Native) have experienced high rates of violence and victimization since colonization - which continues to present day. However, little is known regarding the victimization experiences of Indigenous college students. Furthermore, universities are struggling to recruit and retain Indigenous college students, evident by their low enrollment and matriculation rates. One possible reason for this could be universities' inability to support Indigenous students, especially those who have experienced victimization. Yet, there is little empirical knowledge regarding how universities can best support these Indigenous students. To address these gaps, the current dissertation takes a holistic approach to understanding Indigenous individuals' needs within the university context. Drawing upon Indigenous student survey and interview data, in addition to faculty and staff interview data, this dissertation explores the victimization experiences of Indigenous college students, their service utilization, informal help-seeking behaviors, barriers to seeking help, and ways to improve university services. Overall, findings reveal that Indigenous college students in this sample experience high rates of victimization. Additionally, having culturally relevant services, culturally competent service providers, and being able to practice their culture is necessary to best support Indigenous college students. Recommendations for universities are presented to improve the campus environment for Indigenous college students.

Characterizing Massive Star-Forming Galaxies Across the Cosmic Time Through Alma and JWST NIRCam Grism Spectroscopy

Sun, Fengwu The University of Arizona ProQuest Dissertations & 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

Over the past decade, our knowledge of the formation and evolution of massive galaxies has been greatly expanded with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). With unprecedented sensitivity and angular resolution, ALMA enables the secure identification of numerous dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) across the bulk of cosmic history, resolving the cold dust and gas components of these galaxies in great detail.Leveraging off the gravitational lensing effects from massive galaxy clusters, I conduct spatially resolved studies of the stellar and dust components of lensed submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) at z ≃ 1-3. I find that although the majority of SMGs host compact dust continuum emission when compared with their stellar components, this is not the case for certain SMGs with relatively low millimeter surface brightness and extended dust profiles. These sources can potentially be interpreted as galaxies undergoing the “inside-out” quenching after the cessation of central starbursts, which is also seen in certain local post-starburst galaxies with extended molecular gas reservoirs.The combination of ALMA observations and gravitational lensing is so powerful that it enables the detection of faint DSFGs that are below the detection limit of traditional blank field surveys. With the ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey and the Herschel Lensing Survey, I obtain accurate dust mass and temperature measurements of 109 lensed DSFGs across z ≃ 0.5-6, whose star-formation rates are much lower than those of conventional SMGs. At given infrared luminosities, I show that the redshift evolution of cold dust temperature remains weak. The high-redshift subset (z ∼ 4) of our sample is dominated by optical/near-IR-dark galaxies that are typically missed in surveys conducted by the Hubble Space Telescope. I conclude that such galaxies are compact in both stellar and dust components, and they could contribute to ∼ 10% of the cosmic star formation rate density and trace the early phase of massive galaxy formation. Such galaxies can also trace overdense galaxy environments and massive dark matter halos, which is demonstrated through the case study of HDF850.1 at z = 5.18, the most luminous SMG in the Hubble Deep Field.Finally, with the long-awaited launch and operation of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the study of massive galaxy formation at high redshifts (z ≳ 6) has been rapidly revolutionized by the unprecedented imaging and spectroscopic capability at infrared wavelengths. I highlight my contribution to the successful commissioning and calibration of the wide-field slitless spectroscopy (WFSS) observing mode of the Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam), which enables one of the first direct detections of rest-frame optical emission lines ([O III] λ5007, Hα) from normal star-forming galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization. I obtain the first direct measurement of [O III] and Hα luminosity function at z > 6, which confirms the ubiquity of strong emission-line galaxies in the early universe. I demonstrate that the NIRCam WFSS mode is highly ecient in spectroscopically confirming massive star-forming galaxies at high redshifts (z ≃ 5 - 9), and also the large-scale overdense environment that they trace. This sheds light on highly complete spectroscopic surveys of star-forming galaxies, no matter whether dusty or not, towards the Epoch of Reionization, which will further transform our understanding of massive galaxy formation and evolution in the upcoming decade.

Tools for Measuring the Cosmic History of Molecular Gas

Keenan, Ryan P The University of Arizona ProQuest Dissertations & 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

The coldest, densest phase of the interstellar medium plays a critical role in the evolution of galaxies. It is only in this phase, where the gas is primarily molecular, that interstellar material can collapse and form new stars. Spectral line emission from the carbon monoxide (CO) molecule is the favored diagnostic of molecular gas masses, and decades of measurements have revealed a tight connection between the abundance of molecular gas and the rate of star formation. Most star forming galaxies reside along tight sequence in the stellar mass-star formation rate plane, which is shaped and regulated by the abundance of gas and the efficiency with which it is converted to stars. These relationships extend to high redshift where significantly larger gas reservoirs drove main sequence star formation rates an order of magnitude higher than we observe today.While the close connection between molecular gas and star formation in galaxies is now firmly established, many details remain hotly debated or completely unknown. Refining and advancing our understanding of galaxy evolution today and throughout cosmic history requires careful development of new theoretical, analytical, and observational tools for studying cold gas. This dissertation represents a collection of three such tools, each developed in response to specific, open questions with bearing on ongoing and future research in the field.How should we design surveys to efficiently measure the molecular gas abundance in the high redshift universe, with minimal bias? In Part I, I combine results from large-scale cosmological simulations with galaxy property scaling relations to model the gas content of high redshift galaxies in mock millimeter deep field surveys. I use these mocks to explore how survey depth and volume affect measurements of the CO luminosity function and the total gas mass of the universe. I provide a tool for estimating the relative contributions of sampling uncertainty (due to small number statistics) and field-to-field variance (due to small survey areas) and show that without careful selection of fields and survey geometry, the precision of future surveys will be limited by the latter effect. Can we study molecular gas abundances over significantly larger volumes with existing millimeter facilities? Line intensity mapping is an alternative approach to studying the cosmic abundance of molecular gas. In large, spectrally resolved surveys, line emission from CO (or other species) in undetected galaxies contributes excess fluctuations that can be identified statistically. This approach promises to survey large volumes while simultaneously measuring the gas content in galaxies below the detection limits of targeted surveys. However, extracting astrophysical information from the noise-dominated intensity maps will require careful control of systematics and sophisticated statistical and modeling tools. In Part II, I discuss one such tool – cross-correlation between millimeter-wave intensity maps and optical galaxy catalogs. Using data from the CO Power Spectrum Survey, I demonstrate the power of cross-correlation to remove signal contamination. I measure the cross-power spectrum and use results from Part I to model and account for systematic uncertainties. I set an upper limit on the molecular gas abundance at z ∼ 2, providing a factor of two improvement over prior constraints on the clustering term of the CO power spectrum.How should observations of molecular gas using different spectral lines of the CO molecule be compared? The CO molecule produces a ladder of rotational transitions at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. The transitions at shorter wavelengths arise in warmer and denser gas than the ground state transition, complicating their use as a proxy for the bulk of molecular gas. In Part III, I present the results of the Arizona Molecular ISM Survey with the SMT (AMISS), a multi-line study of 177 nearby galaxies designed to measure how the three lowest energy CO lines relate to one another and the physical conditions of molecular gas. Using this sample, I determine “typical” luminosity ratios between these lines, then proceed to explore how they vary systematically as a function of galaxy properties. I show that the CO(1–0) and CO(2–1) lines are not interchangeable tracers for the study of the connection between gas mass and star formation, and provide an empirical prescription for translating between the luminosities of the two lines. I also present an extensive set of calibration measurements for the two Arizona Radio Observatory telescopes, which were required to minimize calibration uncertainties and observing inefficiencies in AMISS.

Growth and Characterization of Cesium-Antimonide Photocathodes

Saha, Pallavi Arizona State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

The performance of kilometer-scale electron accelerators, which are used for high energy physics and next-generation light sources as well as meter-scale ultra-fast electron diffraction setups is limited by the brightness of electron sources. A potential emerging candidate for such applications is the family of alkali and bi-alkali antimonides. Much of the physics of photoemission from such semiconductor photocathodes is not fully understood even today, which poses a hindrance to the complete exploration and optimization of their photoemission properties. This thesis presents the theoretical and experimental measurements which lead to advances in the understanding of the photoemission process and properties of cesium-antimonide photocathodes.First, the growth of high quantum efficiency (QE), atomically smooth and chemically homogeneous Cs3Sb cathodes on lattice-matched strontium titanate substrates (STO) is demonstrated. The roughness-induced mean transverse energies (MTE) simulations indicate that the contribution to MTE from nanoscale surface roughness of Cs3Sb cathodes grown on STO is inconsequential over typically used field gradients in photoinjectors.Second, the formulation of a new approach to model photoemission from cathodes with disordered surfaces is demonstrated. The model is used to explain near-threshold photoemission from thin film Cs3Sb cathodes. This model suggests that the MTE values may get limited to higher values due to the defect density of states near the valence band maximum.Third, the detailed measurements of MTE and kinetic energy distribution spectra along with QE from Cs3Sb cathodes using the photoemission electron microscope are presented. These measurements indicate that Cs3Sb cathodes have a work function in the range of 1.5-1.6 eV. When photoemitting near this work function energy, the MTE nearly converges to the thermal limit of 26 meV. However, the QE is extremely low, of the order of 10-7, which limits the operation of these photocathodes for high current applications.Lastly, the growth of Cs3Sb cathodes using the ion beam assisted molecular beam deposition (IBA-MBE) technique is demonstrated. This technique has the potential to grow epitaxial Cs3Sb cathodes in a more reproducible, easier fashion. Structural characterization of such cathodes via tools such as reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) will be necessary to investigate the role of the IBA-MBE technique in facilitating the epitaxial, ordered growth of alkali-antimonides.

Identifying Effective Strategies for Combatting COVID Misinformation in the Digital Age

Sivanandam, Shalini Arizona State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

The unprecedented amount and sources of information during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an indiscriminate level of misinformation that was confusing and compromised healthcare access and delivery. The World Health Organization (WHO) called this an 'infodemic', and conspiracy theories and fake news about COVID-19, plagued public health efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. National and international public health priorities expanded to counter misinformation. As a multi-disciplinary study encompassing expertise from public health, informatics, and communication, this research focused on eliciting strategies to better understand and combat misinformation on COVID-19. The study hypotheses is that 1) factors influencing vaccine-acceptance like socio-demographic factors, COVID-19 knowledge, trust in institutions, and media related factors could be leveraged for public health education and intervention; and 2) individuals with a high level of knowledge regarding COVID-19 prevention and control have unique behaviors and practices, like nuanced media literacy and validation skills that could be promoted to improve vaccine acceptance and preventative health behaviors.In this biphasic study an initial survey of 1,498 individuals sampled from Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) assessed socio-demographic factors, an 18-item test of COVID-19 knowledge, trust in healthcare stakeholders, and measures of media literacy and consumption. Subsequently, using the Positive Deviance Framework, a diverse subset of 25 individuals with high COVID-19 knowledge scores were interviewed to identify these deviants' information and media practices that helped avoid COVID-19 misinformation. Access to primary care, higher educational attainment and living in urban communities were positive socio-demographic predictors of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance emphasizing the need to invest in education and rural health. High COVID-19 knowledge and trust in government and health providers were also critical factors and associated with a higher level of trust in science and credible information sources like the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and health experts. Positive deviants practiced media literacy skills that emphasized checking sources for scientific basis as well as hidden bias; cross-checking information across multiple sources and verifying health information with scientific experts. These identified information validation and confirmation practices may be useful in educating the public and designing strategies to better protect communities against harmful health misinformation.

Ask Me No Questions, I'll Tell You No Lies Face and Privacy Management Implications in Addiction-Related Disclosures

Mims, Christopher Wayne Arizona State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

For most people, sexual activity is a normal and healthy part of intimate romantic relationships. However, for some, sexual behaviors can become problematic to the extent their behaviors begin to impair or disrupt critical aspects of effective functioning. The inability to control problematic sexual behavior is among the most prominent traits for diagnosing compulsive sexual behavior or what is commonly referred to as sex addiction. Sex addicts in committed romantic relationships routinely engage in secrecy and deception as a maladaptive means to cope with the shame and guilt associated with such severe relational transgressions. Although ongoing disclosures with one's dyadic partner regarding addiction-related struggles may be a healthy exercise in transparency and accountability, such honest disclosures risk re-injuring the transgressed partner while simultaneously upending the recovering addict's attempt to restore face. Hence, recovering sex addicts who wish to repair their blighted dyadic relationships must carefully navigate self-disclosure and privacy implications as they attempt to restore themselves and their intimate relationships. Accordingly, this dissertation utilizes thematic analysis to explore the face and privacy implications surrounding addiction-related disclosures (ARD) in committed dyadic relationships. This qualitative study conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 recovering sex addicts attending 12-step Sex Addicts Anonymous groups. Key findings from this study suggest a relationship between recovery progress and how ARD are comprised, articulated, and interpreted by dyadic partners. Additionally, this study found that ARD, although damaging, largely did not result in relationship termination. Rather, relationships impacted by such disclosures simultaneously experienced two disparate relationship stages of bonding and stagnating. Finally, this study suggests that the reverberation of salacious ARD across the romantic dyad fundamentally upends the transgressor's positive face. Such severe face damage was found to attenuate participants' ability to regulate privacy boundaries with their partners.

Comparing the Impacts of Social and Personal Support Amongst First Year Doctoral Students

Franse, Kylie Rae Arizona State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

The quality of support provided to students in higher education can have a powerful impact on the student's experience, their perceptions of challenges, and their overall academic success, particularly retaining in and completing their degree. Though many universities create robust services to support undergraduate students, existing literature and efforts by universities may be lacking when it comes to doctoral student support. The purpose of this action research, mixed methods study was to evaluate academic support to first year doctoral students in the School of Life Sciences (SOLS) at Arizona State University, specifically addressing the following concepts related to their doctoral study: development of self-efficacy, awareness of requirements and policies, and sense of belonging. With Communities of Practice and self-efficacy theory providing a framework for this study, first year doctoral students in SOLS were invited to participate in a twelve-week, two-condition study during their first semester. The two-condition study involved a Personal Support and a Social Support condition, wherein Personal Support participants (n=8) received 1:1 academic advising and biweekly newsletters, while Social Support participants (n=14) engaged in biweekly advising sessions within groups of 3-6 students and an academic advisor. Results suggest Social Support significantly impacted SOLS doctoral student self-efficacy scores (z = -1.96, p = .05), it created an avenue for students to cultivate community with doctoral student peers thus benefiting sense of belonging, and collaborating with peers influenced awareness to the point of Social Support participants becoming a resource for other students not participating in the study. In contrast, Personal Support appeared to have less of an impact on self-efficacy, sense of belonging, and awareness. For students with vulnerable needs to disclose, Personal Support has the potential to reinforce self-efficacy, sense of belonging, and awareness, but the impacts are nominal otherwise. Furthermore, by the end of their first academic year Social Support participants had retained their self-efficacy and sense of belonging scores. Ultimately, the findings suggest the need for reevaluating how doctoral students are supported in and outside SOLS, with a specific discussion about incorporating Social Support as a permanent model for academic support.

Seen but Not Heard: The Effects of Race and Emotional Expression on Jurors' Influence in Deliberation

Phalen, Hannah Arizona State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

Emotions are an important part of persuasion. Experimental research suggests that White and male jurors can use emotion to increase their influence, while other jurors cannot. This research builds on prior research by examining the relationship between naturally occurring emotion during mock jury deliberations and the influence that jurors hold. Participants (N = 708) in 153 mock juries watched a murder trial video and deliberated on a verdict. Participants self-reported their experienced emotions and rated their perceptions of the other jurors' emotion and influence. After data was collected, I extracted acoustic indicators of expressed emotion from each deliberation and used a speech emotion recognition model to classify each mock juror's emotional expression. I hypothesized that there would be an overall effect of emotional expression on influence such that as mock jurors' emotion increased, their influence would also increase. However, I hypothesized that a juror's race and gender would moderate the relationship between emotion and influence such that White male jurors will be seen as more influential when they are more emotional, and that female jurors and jurors of color will be seen as less influential when they are more emotional. I also hypothesized that female jurors of color will be doubly penalized for being emotional, due to their "double-minority" status. Bayesian model averaging suggested that the data was most probable under models that included perceived emotion, race, and the interaction between the two, compared to models that did not. Consistent with the hypothesis, as participants were perceived as more emotional, their influence increased. In contrast to the hypotheses, being perceived as more emotional increased influence for both White and non-White mock jurors but the effect was stronger for non-White jurors. In other words, while all jurors benefited from being perceived as more emotional, non-White jurors benefited more than White jurors. Male jurors were more influential than female jurors, and gender did not interact with emotion.. Although being perceived as more emotional predicted increased influence for all participants, this research demonstrates that there are racial and gender disparities in the level of influence that someone might hold on a jury.