Aerobic Exercise and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Brain Research

CHOI, JAE WON,HAN, DOUG HYUN,KANG, KYUNG DOO,JUNG, HYE YEON,RENSHAW, PERRY F. American College of Sports Medicine 2015 Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol.47 No.1

PURPOSE: As adjuvant therapy for enhancing the effects of stimulants and thereby minimizing medication doses, we hypothesized that aerobic exercise might be an effective adjunctive therapy for enhancing the effects of methylphenidate on the clinical symptoms, cognitive function, and brain activity of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: Thirty-five adolescents with ADHD were randomly assigned to one of two groups in a 1/1 ratio; methylphenidate treatment + 6-wk exercise (sports-ADHD) or methylphenidate treatment + 6-wk education (edu-ADHD). At baseline and after 6 wk of treatment, symptoms of ADHD, cognitive function, and brain activity were evaluated using the Dupaul attention deficit hyperactivity disorder rating scale--Korean version (K-ARS), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and 3-T functional magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. RESULTS: The K-ARS total score and perseverative errors in the sports-ADHD group decreased compared with those in the edu-ADHD group. After the 6-wk treatment period, the mean &bgr; value of the right frontal lobe in the sports-ADHD group increased compared with that in the edu-ADHD group. The mean &bgr; value of the right temporal lobe in the sports-ADHD group decreased. However, the mean &bgr; value of the right temporal lobe in the edu-ADHD group did not change. The change in activity within the right prefrontal cortex in all adolescents with ADHD was negatively correlated with the change in K-ARS scores and perseverative errors. CONCLUSIONS: The current results indicate that aerobic exercise increased the effectiveness of methylphenidate on clinical symptoms, perseverative errors, and brain activity within the right frontal and temporal cortices in response to the Wisconsin card sorting test stimulation.

The COL5A1 Gene: A Novel Marker of Endurance Running Performance

마이클 포스트휴머스,마틴 슈웰너스,말콤 콜린스 American College of Sports Medicine 2011 Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol.43 No.4

Involvement of Cdc2 in Axonal Regeneration Enhanced by Exercise Training in Rats

SEO, TAE BEOM,HAN, IN SUN,YOON, JIN-HWAN,HONG, KWON-EUI,YOON, SUNG-JIN,NAMGUNG, UK The American College of Sports Medicine 2006 Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol.38 No.7

PURPOSE:: Physical activity can improve sensorimotor recovery after peripheral nerve injury. We examined the effects of treadmill training (TMT) on axonal regeneration in the injured sciatic nerve of the rat and further investigated cellular and molecular events that underlie enhanced axonal regrowth by training. METHODS:: After crush injury of the sciatic nerves, rats were randomly assigned into either TMT or sedentary groups. Three to 14 d after injury, changes in protein levels in the regenerating nerve were analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Axonal regeneration was assessed by anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. The animals' functional recovery was determined by the sciatic functional index. RESULTS:: We identified enhanced axonal regrowth in the distal stump of the sciatic nerve 7-14 d after injury in the rats with TMT. Cell division cycle 2 (Cdc2) mRNA and protein levels were highly increased in the injured sciatic nerves 3 and 7 d after injury, and decreased to basal levels 14 d later. Daily TMT accelerated distal shift of Cdc2 mRNA and protein induced in the regenerating nerves, and Cdc2 kinase activity was similarly increased in the distal stump by TMT. Cdc2 protein induced by TMT was mainly colocalized with Schwann cell marker S100&bgr; protein, and correlated with axial distribution pattern of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled proliferating cell population in the regenerating nerve. We further demonstrate that axonal regeneration and motor function recovery after injury, both of which were promoted by TMT, were greatly suppressed by in vivo administration of Cdc2 inhibitor roscovitine. CONCLUSION:: The present data suggest that Cdc2 kinase activated in the regenerating sciatic nerve may play an important role in TMT-mediated enhancement of axonal regeneration.

Association of Low Aerobic Fitness with Hyperfiltration and Albuminuria in Men

PARK, MINSEON,KO, YOUNGJIN,SONG, SANG HOON,KIM, SEONGBEEN,YOON, HYUNG-JIN The American College of Sports Medicine 2013 Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol.45 No.2

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of low aerobic fitness (AF), a quantitative phenotype primarily modified by physical activity, with the earlier markers of chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: Maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), the best index of AF, was estimated in an apparently healthy population of 34,769 adults without known history of diabetes and/or hypertension, and its association with renal function and albuminuria was analyzed retrospectively. V˙O2max was estimated using a cycle ergometer. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation. Glomerular hyperfiltration was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate above the age- and sex-specific 97.5th percentile. Albuminuria was detected with dipstick urinalysis on fast morning urine and defined as ≥1+. RESULTS: V˙O2max levels were negatively correlated with the odds ratios of glomerular hyperfiltration in men (Ptrend = 0.039), not in women. V˙O2max was associated with glomerular hyperfiltration in young men (≤ the median age; Ptrend < 0.001), but not in old men. V˙O2max levels were negatively correlated with the odds ratio of albuminuria in men (Ptrend < 0.001), but not in women. These findings suggest that low AF may be associated with earlier markers of CKD in men. This association was not observed in women. CONCLUSION: From the results of this study, it can be concluded that low AF may be a possible independent, modifiable risk factor for CKD in men.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Markers and Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway Activity in Response to a 200-km Run

김,H.J. American College of Sports Medicine 2011 Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol.43 No.1

Treadmill Running Reverses Cognitive Declines due to Alzheimer Disease

CHO, JINKYUNG,SHIN, MIN-KYOO,KIM, DONGHYUN,LEE, INHWAN,KIM, SHINUK,KANG, HYUNSIK American College of Sports Medicine 2015 Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol.47 No.9

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of treadmill running on cognitive declines in the early and advanced stages of Alzheimer disease (AD) in 3xTg-AD mice. METHODS: At 4 months of age, 3xTg-AD mice (N = 24) were assigned to control (AD + CON, n = 12) or exercise (AD + EX, n = 12) group. At 24 months of age, 3xTg-AD mice (N = 16) were assigned to AD + CON (n = 8) or AD + EX (n = 8) group. The AD + EX mice were subjected to treadmill running for 12 wk. At each pathological stage, the background strain mice were included as wild-type control (WT + CON, n = 8–12). RESULTS: At the early stage of AD, 3xTg-AD mice had impaired short- and long-term memory based on Morris water maze along with higher cortical A&bgr; deposition, higher hippocampal and cortical tau pathology, and lower hippocampal and cortical PSD-95 and synaptophysin. A 12-wk treadmill running reversed the impaired cognitive declines and significantly improved the tau pathology along with suppression of the decreased PSD-95 and synaptophysin in the hippocampus and cortex. At the advanced stage of AD, 3xTg-AD mice had impaired short- and long-term memory along with higher levels of A&bgr; deposition, soluble A&bgr;1–40 and A&bgr;1–42, tau pathology, and lower levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, PSD-95, and synaptophysin in the hippocampus and cortex. A 12-wk treadmill running reversed the impaired cognitive declines and significantly improved the A&bgr; and tau pathology along with suppression of the decreased synaptic proteins and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus and cortex. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings suggest that treadmill running provides a nonpharmacological means to combat cognitive declines due to AD pathology.

Valgus Plus Internal Rotation Moments Increase Anterior Cruciate Ligament Strain More Than Either Alone

SHIN, CHOONGSOO S.,CHAUDHARI, AJIT M.,ANDRIACCHI, THOMAS P. The American College of Sports Medicine 2011 Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol.43 No.8

PURPOSE:: To test the influence of combined knee valgus and internal tibial rotation moment on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) strain during single-leg landing. We tested the following hypotheses: the combination of the valgus and internal rotation moments observed during single-leg landing produces a higher ACL strain than either moment applied individually, the combined rotational moments at the physiological levels observed could theoretically increase strain in the ACL high enough to rupture the ACL, and the location of the peak contact force was at the posterior-lateral side for combined loading. METHODS:: The study was conducted by applying in vivo human loading data to a validated simulation model of the three-dimensional dynamic knee joint to predict ACL strains. RESULTS:: The peak ACL strain increased nonlinearly when either applied valgus moment or internal rotation moment was increased in the model. When the two rotational moments were applied individually, neither caused ACL strain >0.077. However, when applied in combination, the two rotational moments had a much larger effect, and the predicted peak ACL strain increased up to 0.105. During landing, the peak contact force occurred at the posterior-lateral side of the tibial cartilage in the model when the combined maximum valgus moment and tibial internal rotation moments were applied. CONCLUSIONS:: Combined knee valgus and internal rotation moments increases ACL strain more than either alone. The combination of a valgus and internal rotational moment at magnitudes that occurs in vivo during landing can cause ACL strains that may be high enough to cause ACL rupture. This predicted high ACL strain and the contact force location suggest that combined valgus and internal tibial rotational moments during single-leg landing are relevant to ACL injuries.

Evidence of Convergent Validity for Measuring Free-Living Walking Using Wearable Devices: 2773 Board #296 June 3, 9: 30 AM - 11: 00 AM

Lee, Miyoung,Choi, Ji-Yeob,Lee, Kwanghee,Min, Jiye,Kim, Jaemyung,Choi, Mun Cheong American College of Sports Medicine 2016 Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol.48 No.5

Exercise Attenuates High-Fat Diet–induced Disease Progression in 3xTg-AD Mice

KIM, DONGHYUN,CHO, JINKYUNG,LEE, INHWAN,JIN, YOUNGYUN,KANG, HYUNSIK American College of Sports Medicine 2017 Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol.49 No.4

<P>Purpose: Little is known regarding the therapeutic role of exercise against the risk of a high-fat diet (HFD) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD-like cognitive deficits. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of treadmill running against HFD-induced progression in AD neuropathology and cognitive impairments in the tripletransgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mice. Methods: The 3xTg-AD mice were assigned to a chow diet (control, n = 10), an HFD (n = 10), or an HFD combined with exercise (HFD + EX, n = 10) group. Mice in the HFD were fed with a 60% fat diet for 20 wk. The HFD + EX mice were additionally subjected to treadmill running. Results: Compared with the control mice, the HFD mice had impaired brain insulin signaling, exacerbated AD neuropathology, defects in synaptic stability/plasticity, and apoptotic neuronal cell death in conjunction with exacerbated cognitive deficits in the affected brain regions, which were all significantly alleviated in the HFD + EX mice. Conclusion: The current findings suggest that treadmill running protects against AD-like disease progression and cognitive deficits caused by an HFD in the 3xTg-AD mice.</P>

Effect of Training Intensity on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

CHO, JINKYUNG,KIM, SHINUK,LEE, SHINHO,KANG, HYUNSIK American College of Sports Medicine 2015 Medicine and science in sports and exercise Vol.47 No.8

BACKGROUND: Training intensity may play a key role in magnifying the protective effect of physical exercise against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). PURPOSE: This study aimed to test the hypothesis that vigorous-intensity and interval training is as effective as moderate-intensity and continuous exercise training on NAFLD in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice (N = 40) were fed a standard-chow diet (n = 10) or HFD (n = 30) for 16 wk. After the initial 8-wk dietary treatments, HFD mice were further divided into HFD only (n = 10), HFD plus vigorous-intensity and interval treadmill running (VIT) (n = 10), and HFD plus moderate-intensity and continuous treadmill running (MIT) (n = 10) for the remaining 8-wk period. RESULTS: Chronic exposure to HFD resulted in hepatic steatosis in conjunction with an obese and impaired glucose tolerance condition characterized by dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia elevated markers for the liver damage, and hypoadiponectinemia. Although VIT and MIT alleviated the NAFLD conditions, the former was more effective at alleviating hepatic steatosis than the latter. The intensity-dependent benefit of exercise training against hepatic steatosis was associated with greater activation of VIT on hepatic AMP-mediated protein kinase in conjunction with greater suppressive effect of VIT on hypoadiponectinemia, downregulation of the Adiponectin receptor 2 signaling pathway, and upregulation of the NF-&kgr;B signaling pathway in the liver. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings suggest that VIT is an alternative way of exercise training to combat hepatic steatosis associated with an obese and impaired glucose tolerance phenotype.