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Current status of corneal xenotransplantation
Kim, M.K.,Hara, H. Surgical Associates Ltd 2015 International journal of surgery Vol.23 No.2
Corneal allo-transplantation is a well-established technique to treat corneal blindness. However, the limited availability of human donors demands the exploration of alternative treatments such as corneal xenotransplantation (e.g., pigs as donors) and bioengineered corneas. Since the first attempt of corneal xenotransplantation using a donor pig cornea in 1844, great advances have been made in the development of genetically-engineered pigs, effective immunosuppressive protocols and the establishment of guidelines for the conduction of clinical trials. We highlight immunological and physio-anatomical barriers of corneal xenotransplantation, recent progress of corneal xenotransplantation in non-human-primates studies, and regulatory guidelines to conduct clinical trials for corneal xenotransplantation.
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Current status of islet xenotransplantation
Park, C.G.,Bottino, R.,Hawthorne, W.J. Surgical Associates Ltd 2015 International journal of surgery Vol.23 No.2
Cell therapy for Type 1 diabetes (T1D) utilizing islet cell transplantation can successfully restore endogenous insulin production in affected patients. Islet cell engraftment and survival are conditional on the use of efficacious anti-rejection therapies and on the availability of healthy donor cells. The scarcity of healthy human donor pancreata is a limiting factor in providing sufficient tissue to meet the demand for islet transplantation worldwide. A potential alternative to the use of cadaveric human donor pancreases is the use of animal sourced islets. Pancreatic islets obtained from pigs have emerged as an alternative to human tissues due to their great availability, physiological similarities to human islets, including the time-tested use of porcine insulin in diabetic patients and the ability to genetically modify the donor source. The evolution of refined, efficacious immunosuppressive therapies with reduced toxicity, improvements in donor management and genetic manipulation of the donor have all contributed to facilitate long-term function in pre-clinical models of pig islet grafts in non-human primates. As clinical consideration for this option is growing, and trials involving the use of porcine islets have begun, more compelling experimental data suggest that the use of pig islets may soon become a viable, safe, effective and readily available treatment for insulin deficiency in T1D patients.
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