The physiological and biochemical involvement of protein kinase C in in vitro long-term potentiation at the mossy fiber-CA3 synapse in the rat hippocampus

손현 University at Albany, State University of New York 1995 해외박사

쥐의 뇌의 일부분인 hippocampus중 mossy fiber(MF)-CA3 synapse에서 관찰되 어지는 long-term potentiation(LTP)에 protein kinase C (PKC)가 어떻게 관 여하는지에 대해 연구하였다. LTP는 신경세포의 가소성을 대표하며,인간을 비 롯한 포유동물에서 일어나는 학습과 기억의 신경생리학적 모델로 여겨지고있 는 현상이다. MF-CA3 LTP가 유도되고 유지되는데 필요한 세포내에서의 mechan ism 은 아직 명확히 밝혀지지 않았다. LTP는 tetanic stimulation(TS)에 의해 서 유도가 되어지는데,TS를 가하기 전의 paired-pulse facilitation(PPF)의 크기는 LTP의 발생빈도,크기와 비례하며 또한 post-tetanic potentiation(PTP )의 크기와도 비례했다. 이결과는 PPF와LTP,PTP가 공통의 mechanism을 갖고 있다는 것과 그 주mechanism이 presynaptic site에서 일어난다는 것을 제안한 다. PKC의 억제제는 LTP의 유도를 방해한 반면에,PKC의 활성제는 LTP와는 다 른 일시적인 synaptic potentiation을 유도했다. 이 결과는 PKC가 LTP의 유도 에 필요는 하되 충분하지는 않다는 것을 가리킨다. 또한 PKC 활성제에 의해서 유도되는 synaptic potentiation은 LTP를 유도하는데 필요한 mechanism은 방 해하되,LTP의 유지에 관여하는 mechanism에는 아무런 영향을 미치지 않는것으 로 나타났다. post-hoc in vitro phosphorylation의 결과,LTP의 유도기 동안 에 F1/GAP-43의 phosphorylation이 세포막에서 증가함이 나타났다. LTP가 유 도된 뇌의 부분에서 PKC-α와 PKC-ε이 세포질에서 세포막으로 이동하였음이 Western blotting의 결과 나타났다. 결론적으로,MF-CA3 LTP의 유도기에만 관 여하고 유지기에는 관여하지 않는다. PKC-α와 PKC-ε의 세포질에서 세포막으 로의 이동이 MF-CA3 LTP의 유지에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 보여진다.

CHILD WELFARE SERVICES AND CHILD SAFETY OUTCOMES : CAN AN EMPOWERMENT-ORIENTED SERVICE APPROACH BE AN ALTERNATIVE TO A RISK-ORIENTED SERVICE APPROACH?

김혜성 University at Albany,State University of New York 2005 해외박사

아동학대 개입 서비스는 전통적으로 위험요인 중심 서비스 접근을 채택하여 아동의 안전을 기하고자 노력해왔다. 최근 아동복지 서비스 영역에서 임파워먼트 중심 서비스 접근에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 아동복지 서비스 영역에서 임파워먼트 중심 서비스 접근에 대한 이해와 연구가 부족할 뿐 아니라, 기존의 전통적인 접근인 위험요인 중심의 서비스 접근과 비교하여 아동안전을 성취하는 데 차이를 보이는 가에 대한 실증적인 연구 또한 부족하다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 위험요인 중심 서비스 접근과 비교하여 임파워먼트 중심 서비스 접근이 아동안전변수에 미치는 영향에 차이가 있는 가를 살펴보고자 하였다. 본 논문은 National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being(NSCAW) 중 아동학대신고사례 표본을 사용한 이차분석이다. 보호자와 공공아동복지사 모두가 조사에 참여한 사례 중에서 1차와 3차 조사에 걸쳐 동일한 보호자이고 공공아동복지사와 접촉이 있었던 548 사례를 포함하였다. 위험요인 중심 서비스 접근 요소로는 공공아동복지사가 보고하는 위험요인, 위험요인에 대응한 서비스, 경찰 개입 등을 포함하였다. 임파워먼트 중심 서비스 접근 요소로는 보호자가 보고하는 충족되지 않은 서비스 욕구, 도움을 받을 수 있는 자원, 서비스 참여 만족도 등을 포함하였다. 아동안전변수로는 보호자의 정서적 학대와 신체적 학대 및 공공아동복지사가 보고한 학대 재신고 여부를 포함하였다. 이중 보호자의 정서적 학대와 신체적 학대는 1차 조사와 3차 조사 간에 발생한 빈도 차로 측정하였다. 연구 과제를 검증하기 위하여 로지스틱회귀분석과 선형회귀분석을 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 위험요인 중심 서비스 접근보다 임파워먼트 중심 서비스 접근이 아동안전변수(학대 재발생과 보호자의 정서적 학대 변화)와 관련성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다.

The Effects of Perceived Age, Religiosity, and Spirituality on Subjective Well-Being in Middle and Later Life

Park, Ji Sung University at Albany, State University of New York 2011 해외박사

The primary goal of this study was to investigate whether religiosity and spirituality help people to adjust well in the face of stressfullife experiences that may be associated with aging in middle and later years, and whether these factors can play an effective role as coping mechanismsto reduce the potential negative impact of perceived age on subjective well-being. The study also examined how religiosity and spirituality were related to perceived age and what impact religiosity and spirituality had on subjective well-being in middle and later life, controlling for effects of demographic and socioeconomic status. A total of 1,671 respondents aged 40 to 84 were selectedfrom the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States(MIDUS),2004-2006. Thisstudy employed a cross-sectional design and applied multivariate regression analyses including ordinary least squares and hierarchical multiple regressions. The moderating roleof religiosity and spirituality on the relationship between perceived age and subjective well-being were examined by interaction effects. Results supported the findings of current literature that people tend to experience greater subjective well-being when they felt younger and had greater acceptance of older age relative to their current age. Greater engagement with both religiosity and spirituality was related to greater acceptance of relatively older age, whereas only greater spirituality was related to feeling younger aboutone’s age. Greater religiosity and spirituality were also associated with greater subjective well-being in general but were not related to negative affect. One of the key findings of this study was that daily spiritual experiences and mindfulness played a role as effective coping mechanismsto reduce the negative effectsof feeling old on negative affect and rating oflife in middle and later years. Neitherreligiosity nor spirituality moderatedthe relationship between desired age and subjective well-being in the present sample. Thefindings of the present study will contribute to expanding the scope of social work services by addressing the role of daily spiritual experiences and mindfulness as effective coping mechanisms to improve subjective well-beingin middleand later years. Implications for social work practice and future research were discussed.

The instigating and inhibiting effects of social norms on aggression in competitive and cooperative situations

이석재 University of Albany, State University of New York 1995 해외박사

경쟁상황과 협동상황에서 사회적 규범이 가해자에 대한 피해자의 보복행동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 알아보았다. 실험참가자와 실험동조자가 10회에 걸친 내기게임을 하였다. 각 실험참가자는 요구자 또는 내기하는 사람 (이하 내기자)의 역할을 맡았다. 게임의 내용은 내기자가 한 상자 속에서 꺼 집어 낼 포커칩의 색깔이 빨간 색일지 파란 색일지에 대해 돈을 거는 것이다. 내기 돈의 범위는 $10에서 $100였다. 상자 속에는 파란색의 포커칩이 5개, 빨간 색의 포커칩이 20개가 들어있다. 내기자가 파란색에 내기를 하고 파란색의 포커칩을 꺼내면 내기금액의 8배를 요구자로 부터 받게 된다. 내기자가 파란색에 내기를 하고 빨간 색의 포커칩을 꺼내면 내기금액만을 요구자에게 지불해야 한다. 내기자가 빨간 색에 내기를 하고 빨간 색의 포커칩을 꺼내면 내기금액의 2배를 요구자로부터 받게 된다. 내기자가 빨간 색에 내기를 하고 파란색의 포커칩을 꺼내면 내기금액만을 요구자에게 지불해야 한다. 내기게임의 규칙에 따라 요구자는 내기를 하는 포커칩색깔의 변경을 내기자에게 요구할 수 있고 내기자는 이 요구를 수용하거나 거절할 수 있다. 내기자가 요구자의 요구를 거절하게 되면 요구자는 이를 처벌할 수 있다. 전반 5회에서는 실험참가자가 내기자의 역할을, 후반 5회에서는 실험동조자가 내기자의 역할을 맡았다. 각 참가자는 $2400을 게임에서 사용할 돈으로 받았다. 각 참가자들은 경쟁적이거나 협동적인 상황에서 게임을 하도록 지시받앗다. 실험자는 본 게임에 들어가지 전에 각 참가자에게 이전의 실험에 참가하였던 참가자들이 어느 정도의 처벌을 하였는 지에 관한 정보(즉, 규범에 관한 정보)를 주었다. 낮은 규범조건에서는 처벌의 평균이 $2.2이었다. 높은 규범의 조건에서는 처벌의 평균이 $7.8이었다. 전반 5회의 게임에서 실험동조자 (요구자)는 실험참가자의 불응에 대해 낮은 처벌조건에서는 평균 $3.50, 높은 처벌조건에서는 $7.08를 처벌로 사용하였다. 주 종속변인은 후반게임에서 실험동조자(내기자)가 실험참가자(요구자)의 요구를 거절하였을 때, 실험참가자가 사용하는 처벌의 양이었다. 경쟁상황에서의 실험결과는 Lee와 Tedeschi (1996)의 결과와 일치하게 나타났다. 즉, (1)실험동조자가 전반게임에서 사용한 처벌의 양이 규범을 어긴 경우, (2) 주어진 상황에서의 규범이 높은 처벌을 정당화시킬 때, 및 (3) 규범에 관한 정보가 주어지지 않은 경쟁상황에서 실험참가자는 최대한의 보복행동을 보였다. 이는 경쟁상황에서 이기심(self-interest)이 처벌을 경험한 행위자의 보복행동을 촉발시킨 것으로 보인다. 실험동조자가 사용한 처벌의 정도가 낮고 주어진 상황에서의 규범을 위반하지 않은 경우에는 실험참가자도 실험동조자에 대해 낮은 정도의 보복행위를 보였다. 낮은 처벌규범이 최대한의 보복행동을 억제한 것으로 보인다. 협동상황에서는 상호 호혜적 규범 (a norm of reciprocity)이 보복행동에 영향을 주었다. 즉, 협동상황에서 상대방으로부터 처벌을 경험한 사람들은 실험상황에서 주어진 규범과는 관계없이 상대방이 사용한 처벌의 양만큼의 보복행동을 보였다. 주어진 상황에서의 규범이 높은 처벌을 정당화시키지만 실험동조자가 낮은 처벌을 사용한 경우 실험참가자도 요구의 불응에 대해 낮은 처벌을 하였다. 이 결과는 상호 호혜적 규범이 피해자의 가해자에 대한 보복을 억제시키는 효과가 있음을 보여준다. 통로분석(path analysis)은 처벌을 준 사람이 사용한 처벌 양에 대해 처벌대상인물이 지각하는 부정의성이 (perceive injustice) 처벌대상인물의 보복행위를 매개하는 심리적 변인임을 보여 주었다. 즉, 피해자는 가해자를 처벌할 수 있는 기회가 있을 때 가해자의 처벌을 정의롭지 못하다고 지각할 수 록 더 높은 강도의 보복을 하였다. Roman Haubenstock-Ramati(Feb.27th 1919 in Cracow, Poland-March 3rd 1994 in Vienna, Austria) established the term "musical graphics" with the organisation of the first exhibition of his musical graphics in Donaueschingen, Germany 1959 It should be clear that his graphic art were not the basis of the so-called free and spontaneous Improvisations. To interpret such graphics, Haubenstock-Ramati demands musicians to reflect on formal progress of musik. The interpretor should, according to Haubenstock-Ramati, seek order in disorder("to perform? to realise? in doubt, never!"). My dissertation consists of two parts: Part 1 describes the important aspects of aubenstock-Ramati's musical form, especially the >mobile<, the variable form and >always something different and yet always the same< - phenomenon. Part 2 is an analysis of his vocal compositions. Both parts beginn with a general introduction to the historical compositional situation in the post-serial-phase In both topics(Music and Abstract Painting, the musicality of Language in Literature) the ineraction and the dissipation of boundaries of each art form: Music, Painting, Literature, are outlined within.

Interest group involvement in New York State public school aid litigation and lobbying

Nickerson, Brian Jon State University of New York at Albany 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Interest group literature reveals a group's decision to litigate is influenced by a complex set of organizational, political, and legal factors which form the basis of three broad propositions tested; <italic>An interest group's decision to use litigation as a strategy of reforming New York State's education funding formulas is influenced by its organizational type, policy goals, core membership, available resources, and the need for organizational maintenance; Litigating interest groups' lack of direct and indirect lobbying over school finance have induced these groups to litigate to achieve their goal of reforming the state's public school funding formulas; and School finance groups have a greater propensity to litigate over the state funding formulas in the New York State courts when the federal courts decide unfavorably against state school finance claims and when the plaintiff group believes it successfully can use existing legal doctrine or available precedent.</italic>. Our findings reveal citizen-based interest groups have a greater tendency to litigate over public school finance in New York State since they represent poorer school districts which perceive the state public school financing system as unfair and have purposive goals compatible with school finance reform. Additionally, litigating interest groups in New York's public school finance cases have smaller budgets and membership bases and fewer staff, but are able to afford litigation by securing <italic>pro bono</italic> legal counsel. Moreover, in terms of organizational maintenance activities, litigating interest groups stress the need for publicity, increased membership, and coalition-building as a means to spread their views and secure any potential legal victories. Relative to the second proposition, litigating groups were the most active in “direct” and “indirect” lobbying since they believe any potential court victory would have to be quickly supported by key elected officers and feel the need to educate the public about the public school finance issue and to mobilize public support for the group's reform proposals. Our findings also reveal interest groups carefully assessed the unfavorable United States Supreme Court decision in <italic>Rodriquez</italic> and the more conducive equity and adequacy doctrines available under New York State law before deciding to litigate.

"Selling New York State to the Nation"---The 1939/1940 New York World's Fair

Borden, Mary Ann State University of New York at Albany 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

American exhibitions after 1853 were linked to motivating themes and the celebration of historical events, while presenting at various times a prophetic implication. They were cultural, political, social, scientific, educational, and promotional extravaganzas, and at times a direct response to a depressed economy. The fairs presented ingenuity from the smallest mouthwatering pickle to the automobile. Amusements ranging from decadent peeps shows to thrilling rides sparkled within the various Midway Plaisances. Architecture became a marketing strategy, especially within the later fairs. Advertisements abounded via posters, pamphlets, magazine and newspapers ads, radio, newsreels, and finally television. An underlying theme, one that appears to run throughout the heart of each and every American fair was the urge to make money. Indeed, they were business and promotional ventures extraordinaire. Economic devastation abounded worldwide in 1939 -- it was the era of the Great Depression. During this tumultuous time emerged the 1939 New York World's Fair, boasting the theme The World of Tomorrow. It was the most ambitious American international exposition since the phenomenal 1893 World's Columbian Exposition held in Chicago. Considering the approval of a distinctively modern amphitheatre to draw people to the metropolitan area, and the debentures targeting city businesses, it was apparent that the fair's greatest economic impact was meant for New York City. However, the New York Bureau of State Publicity had another goal in mind. An advertising campaign was initiated titled Selling New York State to the Nation 1939, and prepared for Allan Reagan, the director of the bureau, by the Barlow Advertising Agency of Syracuse, New York. The campaign's primary focus was to encourage out-of-state travel by the Midwest region through the entire state of New York. In order to succeed, they needed to discourage travelers from taking the quick route through Pennsylvania. Their tactics were an obvious, concerted effort to sell not only New York City, but the entire State of New York. This dissertation presents the Barlow Advertising Agency's campaign as one that not only stimulated the economic growth of the State of New York, yet was the precursor to the current "I Love New York" campaign.

Odds of Cesarean Section, Childbirth Outcomes and Public Policy: An Empirical Study Using the Matched New York State Data

Yu, Cong State University of New York at Albany 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Research has shown that childbirth environment and outcomes have a long lasting impact on later-life outcomes such as physical and mental health, educational attainment and labor market outcomes. Childbirth and the surrounding issues have been a major concern of the public health care system. This dissertation aims to examine how patient socioeconomic factors, provider characteristics and public policies affect childbirth and outcomes in different contexts in New York State, so as to provide guidance for the health care system to improve. Minority childbirth is also a chapter of this dissertation. Chapter 1 studies the effect of the 1996 welfare reform on childbirth outcomes for low-educated immigrant mothers in New York State, using natal data files from the Nation Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) from 1995 to 1999. We adopted the Difference-in-Difference technique and found that the 1996 reform adversely affected immigrant childbirth outcomes by depressing childbirth weight and fetal growth rate for low-educated immigrant mothers, although the reform was never intended to do so. Chapter 2 studies the dynamics and determinants of cesarean delivery in New York State using matched NYS Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) Inpatient data and Statewide Perinatal Data System (SPDS) data, 2012-2013. We used a two-equation sequential model to study the factors associated with woman's intent for vaginal delivery and the final delivery route. We also investigated the dynamics of overall C-section in its two components -- primary C-section and repeat C-section. Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) is a key mechanism to reduce excessive Cesarean use in New York State. Chapter 3 focuses on Minority childbirth health in the New York State. Over 40% of New Yorkers belong to racial and ethnic minority groups in 2014. It raises big concern to the New York State health care system. Fighting against poor childbirth outcomes as well as promoting quality prenatal and childbirth care to the minority groups is an ongoing long-term process.

The dynamics of state revenue forecasting in New York

Sun, Jinping State University of New York at Albany 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation is a case study of state revenue forecasting in New York. While prior research has explored potential sources of forecast error across the states, this dissertation compares the forecasts prepared by different agencies in one state and investigates how different institutional arrangements influence revenue estimation and state budget process. Specifically, this dissertation consists of three interrelated studies that examine the technical and political aspects of executive and legislative forecasts in New York from FY1995--96 to FY2002--03. The first study explained whether and why executive and legislative forecasts were different. The study found that there were differences among the forecasts produced by the Division of the Budget, the Senate Finance Committee-Majority, and the Assembly Ways and Means Committee-Majority. The three agencies forecasts, though, were close for most of the years, and the variance could be attributed to their different technical assessment and political calculations in the forecasting process. The second study evaluated New York State revenue forecasting process against the professional standards established by some national organizations, and assessed the performance of each agency in terms of forecast accuracy and other criteria. The study found that New York State revenue estimation process conformed to the majority of the recommended practices, and the three agencies forecasts were accurate and good in terms of credibility, timeliness, and other criteria. The third study investigated the effect of the coexistence of executive and legislative forecasts on New York State budget process. The findings, though, were not very encouraging: the experience of the consensus conference during the past nine years showed that the Executive and the Legislature had rarely reached agreement on revenue estimates through the consensus process, and the coexistence of executive and legislative forecasts was one important contributor to the State's chronically late budgets. In conclusion, the three studies indicated that while the three forecasting agencies were technically competent, the political environment was dysfunctional and the coexistence of executive and legislative forecasts without an effective consensus process had a negative impact on the State's budget process.

Secondary traumatic stress in New York State child welfare workers

Caringi, James Christopher State University of New York at Albany 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of secondary traumatic stress (STS) on child welfare workers in New York State. In addition, this study will identify potential mitigating and contributing factors to STS levels of child welfare workers. Scope of the study. A cross sectional mixed method research design was utilized. This purposive sample consisted of 103 child welfare workers and supervisors who attended trainings on STS in an eastern region of New York State during the summer and fall of 2006. Instruments used. The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale was used to measure STS levels. The Social Work Education Consortium Demographics Survey was used to gather demographic information. Three Likert scale questions were added to assess respondents history of personal trauma. Semi-structured interview questions were utilized to gather data regarding perceived incidence, mitigating, and protective factors related to STS. Research questions. There are two research questions in this study: (1) Do public child welfare workers in New York State experience significant levels of secondary traumatic stress related to their work? (2) If child welfare workers do experience STS, can specific individual and organizational factors that protect, mitigate, or contribute to secondary traumatic stress be identified?. Findings. The results and findings indicate two major themes: first there is, indeed, a significant level of STS among New York state child protective workers and second: child welfare workers with STSS perceive that several factors are modifiers or mediators in the level of STS. These modifiers and mediators are subsumed by four major categories of factors that have an impact of STS in child welfare workers: (1) prior personal history of worker trauma; (2) coping style; (3) organizational factors; and (4) workers perceptions of their stress which indicate that dimensions beyond Figley's theory need to be considered for understanding and addressing the problem. The results of the STSS analysis and two major themes are discussed in detail. In addition, this study will outline policy implications, limitations of the study, and recommendations for further study.

The accountability and integration of New York's public authorities in state government: A case study of the New York State Urban Development Corporation

Perry, Nancy Wilk State University of New York at Albany 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

New York's public authorities are important entities in the state's governance system, created by the State legislature since 1921 to resolve local, regional, and statewide problems. Their financial significance is indicated in the 2001–02 Executive Budget which lists 31 authorities with total revenues of $21 billion. Notwithstanding their operational and financial impact, these organizations are criticized in the literature for promoting uncoordinated programs and being unaccountable to state elected representatives. These conclusions have been framed into two propositions: <italic>State public authorities promote fractionalized policy-making because they are created on an ad hoc basis with no central coordinating mechanism</italic>, and <italic>State public authorities are not accountable directly to the Governor or State Legislature because they are exempted from most controls, prohibitions, and restrictions applicable to other State agencies</italic>. These propositions have been tested for validity by examining the Urban Development Corporation (UDC), and through an evaluation of specific statutory and administrative control mechanisms shared by public authorities in New York. Our findings reveal the literature does not depict accurately the relationship between UDC and New York State government. The literature does not take into account the effect changes in federal housing policies had on the operations and finances of UDC. Public authorities, including UDC, are attractive to state lawmakers because they are not subject to the same constitutional and statutory requirements as other state agencies. If all public authorities were abolished, state government would still be fragmented because a myriad of other state departments, divisions, agencies, and commissions exist in New York. In addition, the research found that adequate laws exist to ensure public authorities are accountable organizations to state elected representatives. The Public Authorities Control Board (PACB) also helps ensure that ten of New York's largest public authorities are fully accountable and integrated in state programs by requiring these authorities to submit all capital project applications to this three-person Board (representing the Governor, Assembly Speaker, and Senate Majority Leader) prior to project commencement. Additional timely research on public authorities is needed to further understand how these entities function not only in New York State, but in the American intergovernmental system.