A GIS Based Study on Spatial Characteristics of Wild Boar Movement

Kim, So Ra,Lee, Woo-Kyun,Byun, Woo-Hyuk,Kim, Tae-Mim,Kim, Won-Myoung Korean Forest Society 2007 Forest Research Vol.3 No.1

The objective of this study was to obtain information on the spatial distribution pattern, home range and utilization characteristics of wild boar movements in Yangyang- gun, Kangwon-do. Wild boar movement data were collected via radio-telemetry and used for our research. The spatial characteristics of the wild boar movements were analyzed in relation to environmental factors, such as forest types, forest age classes, forest density, aspect, elevation, slope, distance to drainages and forest roads, and the TWI (Topographic Wetness Index). The spatial distribution of wild boar movement appeared in cluster form. The home ranges of five boars were proven to be closely related to their body weights. The activities of wild boars were greater during autumn than summer. Wild boars appeared mostly on the eastern face forested with 301 to 500 meters elevation, and under 10 degree slope, within 200 m from forest roads and 300 m from drainage, and over 10 TWI. Wild boar appeared also mostly on mixed forests of twenty years with medium densities.

Flavonoids Chemistry of the Adonis amurensis Complex in Eastern Asia

Chang, Chin-Sung,Jeon, Jeong Ill,Kim, Hui,Lee, Sang Tae Korean Forest Society 2008 Forest Research Vol.4 No.1

Flavonoids were isolated and identified from flowers and/or leaves of the Adonis amurensis complex. This complex has been a persistent source of taxonomic confusion due to the exclusive use of continuous variation in flower morphology for species definition and recognition. Nineteen flavonoids, including C-glycosylflavones, Oglycosylflavones, and flavonol O-glycosides were characterized. The flavonoids isolated from flowers and leaves of the A. amurensis complex were not the same. The phenogram indicated three major clusters; A. multiflora, A. ramosa-A. pseudoamurensis, and A. amurensis. A. amurensis was characterized by a higher flavonoid diversity composed of a variety of C-glycosylflavones, while A. multiflora was generally characterized by a reduced flavonoid profiles. It is probable that evolutionary advancement is reflected in loss of some of C-glycosylflavone and all of O-glycosylflavone synthesis, resulting in A. multiflora within this series. The present study has demonstrated that the flavonoid chemistry may indeed be as variable as the morphological features, and no significant flavonoid differences at the species level were observed. It was suggested that parallel and/or radiate modes of evolution could have taken place within this complex.

The Pattern of Natural Regeneration by Canopy Gap Size in the Mixed Broadleaved-Korean Pine Forest of Xiaoxing'an Mountains, China

Jin, Guangze,Tian, Yueying,Zhao, Fengxia,Kim, Ji Hong Korean Society of Forest Science 2007 한국산림과학회지 Vol.96 No.2

The forest canopy gap has been well known as a substantial process of forest cyclic regeneration and important role in stand structure, dynamics, and biodiversity of the forest ecosystem. Based on 3,600 $5m{\times}5m$ square grids in a 9ha permanent experimental plot, the study was conducted to evaluate the regeneration pattern of woody species by developmental stage {seedlings (<1 m of height), saplingI (>1 m of height, <2 cm of DBH), and saplingII (2 cm<DBH<5 cm)} for different size of forest canopy gaps ($<200m^2$), $201-400m^2$, $400-600m^2$, $601-800m^2$, and $>800m^2$) in the mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest. The results indicated that the regenerating trees of Populus ussuriensis occurred only in the canopy gap area, considered to be a typical gap-dependent species. The regeneration of Ulmus japonica, Ulmus laciniata, and Maackia amurensis could be generally satisfied with the gap size of $201-600m^2$, Betula costata and Prunus padus with gap size of $401-800m^2$, Picea koraiensis with gap size of $201-800m^2$, Fraxinus mandshurica and Syringa reticulata var. mandshurica with smaller than $800m^2$, respectively. Acer ukurunduense and Acer tegmentosum were likely to have no problem with the gap size to make gap regeneration. Acer mono and Tilia amurensis looked more capable of regenerating in the closed canopy disregarding the upper crown condition. The regeneration of Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis had no trouble under the canopy condition in less than $800m^2$of gap size. The density of regenerating shrubs was rather high, especially under the closed canopy, considered to be associated with great amount of regeneration production in such shade tolerant species as Lonicera maackii, Corylus mandshurica, Euonymus pauciflorus, and Philadelphus schrenkii under the closed canopy. Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to compare the similarity among non-gap area and five gap size classes by developmental stages for trees and shrubs. The similarity coefficients among closed canopy and the gap size classes were mostly significantly correlated to each other with a few exceptions.

The Pattern of Seed Rain in the Broadleaved-Korean Pine Mixed Forest of Xiaoxing'an Mountains, China

Jin, Guangze,Xie, Xingci,Tian, Yueying,Kim, Ji Hong Korean Society of Forest Science 2006 한국산림과학회지 Vol.95 No.5

This study was conducted to understand the pattern and characteristics of seed rain in the broadleaved-Korean pine mixed forest. We established 287 $0.5m^2$ circular seed traps and collected and identified fallen seeds in the traps every two weeks in $150m{\times}150m$ sample plot of the permanent nine hectare of experimental plot in 2005. The overall average density of seed rain was $864.2/m^2$. The seeds of Betula costata Betula costata had the highest number of fallen seeds as $676.0/m^2$ (78.2%), followed by Abies nephrolepis as $57.5/m^2$, B. platyphylla as $37.9/m^2$, Tilia amurensis as $32.2/m^2$, Acer ukurunduense as $17.0/m^2$, A. tegmentosum $14.8/m^2$, and so on. Pinus koraiensis was recorded only $2.5/m^2$ of fallen seeds mainly owing of Korean pine had low rate of purity due to the animal and microbiological predation. Most of seed dispersal have started from the middle to late August and come to an end on the middle of November. The peak time of seed dispersal varied depending on the species. The rate of pure seed by dispersal time varied according to the species, thereupon the aspect of predation and the rate of blasted seed which had influence on the rate of purity also varied according to the species. The density of Korean pine seed rain in the forest gap was significantly different at $P{\leq}0.05$ from in the closed canopy. But the other species had no difference among canopy coverage.

Species Composition and Stand Structure of Natural Forest, Timber-harvested Forest and Degraded Forest in the Bago Yoma Region of Myanmar

Oo, Thaung Naing,Lee, Don Koo Korean Society of Forest Science 2007 한국산림과학회지 Vol.96 No.5

Tree species diversity is an important aspect of forest ecosystem stability. Tree species inventories at defined sites and in minimum diameter classes give a reliable indicator of the diversity level as well as the structural stability level of a study site. This study was conducted to investigate the species composition and the stand structure of the natural forest, timber-harvested forest (logged-over forest) and degraded forest of the Oak-twin Township in the Bago Yoma Region of Myanmar. Natural forest showed the highest family and species richness in all the investigated forests. At the family level, Verbenaceae occupied the highest importance value index (IVI) in all the forest stands while teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) occupied the highest IVI at the species level. However, the small diameter classes of T. grandis and other commercial species were less than those of big diameter classes in all the investigated forests. This abnormal pattern of diameter distribution could be a problem for the sustainable production of commercial timber species in the near future.

Characteristics of Breeding Bird Communities in Mt. Namsan, Seoul, Korea

Rhim, Shin-Jae,Lee, Ju-Young,Kang, Jeong-Hoon Korean Society of Forest Science 2006 한국산림과학회지 Vol.95 No.5

This study was conducted to clarify the characteristics of breeding bird communities between deciduous and coniferous forests from April to June 2005 in Mt. Namsan, Seoul, Korea. Two 10ha areas were selected for territory mapping of breeding bird communities. Number of breeding bird species, pairs,density and bird species diversity index were higher in deciduous forest with increasing amount of foliage in the forest profile or as forest structures developed compared with coniferous forest. The number of in coniferous forest. The differences in habitat structure between both study areas are very likely to have influenced how breeding birds used the available habitat. Forest structure and its interactions with birds should be consideration in forest management for birds and their habitat.

Allometry, Biomass and Productivity of Quercus Forests in Korea: A Literature-based Review

Li, Xiaodong,Yi, Myong-Jong,Son, Yo-Whan,Jin, Guangze,Lee, Kyeong-Hak,Son, Yeong-Mo,Kim, Rae-Hyun Korean Society of Forest Science 2010 한국산림과학회지 Vol.99 No.5

Publications with the data on allometric equation, biomass and productivity of major oak forests in Korea were reviewed. Different allometric equations of major oak species showed site- or speciesspecific dependences. The biomass of major oak forests varied with age, dominant species, and location. Aboveground tree biomass over the different oak species was expressed as a power equation of the stand age. The proportion of tree component (stem, branch and leaf) to total aboveground biomass differed among oak species, however, biomass ranked stem > branch > leaf in general. The leaf biomass allocation over the different oak species was expressed as a power equation of total aboveground biomass while there were no significant patterns of biomass allocation from stem and branch to the aboveground biomass. Tree root biomass continuously increased with the aboveground biomass for the major oak forests. The relationship between the root to shoot ratio and the aboveground tree biomass was expressed by a logarithmic equation for major oak forests in Korea. Thirteen sets of data were used for estimating the net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) of oak forests. The mean NPP and NEP across different oak forests was 10.2 and 1.9 Mg C $ha^{-1}year^{-1}$. The results in biomass allocation, NPP and NEP generally make Korean oak forests an important carbon sinks.

Differences in Artificial Nest Boxes Use of Tits Between Deciduous and Coniferous Forests

Rhim, Shin-Jae,Lee, Ju-Young Korean Society of Forest Science 2005 한국산림과학회지 Vol.94 No.5

This study was conducted to describe the differences in artificial nest boxes use of tits between deciduous and coniferous forests at 2nd campus of Chung-Ang University ($37^{\circ}00^{\prime}04^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $127^{\circ}13^{\prime}96^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$), Ansung, Korea from January to August 2005. Tree species richness, tree species diversity index (H') and total basal areas were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. High, middle, low and understory canopy layers were more developed in deciduous forest, except the coverage of bush-ground layer. Varied tit Parus varius, marsh tit P. palustris and great tit P. major used the artificial nest boxes in this study. Number of breeding pairs of tits used artificial nest boxes, clutch size, and weight and size of eggs were higher in deciduous forest than in coniferous forest. The differences in habitat structure between study sites are very likely to have influenced how breeding birds used the available habitat. Artificial nest boxes could be used as management and conservation tool for birds, particularly in areas, where the availability of natural cavities and coverage of higher layer are limited.

Urban Forest Monitoring in Korea since 1991: Case Study on Daegu Metropolitan City

Kwon, Jino,Cho, HyunJe,Choi, MyoungSnb,Park, Chan-Ryul,Sung, Joo-Han,Cho, Jae-Hyoung,Kim, Sunhee,Park, Jonggyun,Oh, Jeong-Hak Korean Society of Forest Science 2006 한국산림과학회지 Vol.95 No.5

To have better urban forests in future we are focusing on two major issues like other countries. How we could have more urban forest-quantitative approach-against the expanding of urbanization, and how we could produce better urban forest-qualitative approach-to give a chance in contact with better nature for urban people. Prime surveys on urban forests have been carried out in 6 major cities since 1991, and the city of Daegu which is located on the east southern area of Korea have been case studied for qualitative approaches during last 3 years. Major species of the remnant forests were Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, Pinus thunbergii and Robinia pseudoacacia. Approximately 20% of the surveyed forests were lost their structure as forests caused by illegal farming, facilities and as the bare ground by excessive visitors. Generally speaking the condition of forests for biotope was very poor in overall. From two years data of monitoring of birds, we found that wooded parkways and woodland squares had more species than street tree areas. Nests were found mainly on the branch of Zelkova serrata, Pinus densiflora and Quercus myrsinaefolia. The size of urban forests mainly determined the species richness of birds. According to the oxygen output and carbon input by photosynthesis measurement, the capability was in order of Platanus occidentalis, Zelkova serrata and Ginko biloba. Air conditioning effects of trees through transpiration measurement was found and the quality of forests also related to the reducing of urban heat-island.

The Production and Spatial Heterogeneity of Litterfall in the Mixed Broadleaved-Korean Pine Forest of Xiaoxing'an Mountains, China

Jin, Guangze,Zhao, Fengxia,Liu, Liang,Kim, Ji Hong Korean Society of Forest Science 2008 한국산림과학회지 Vol.97 No.2

Litterfall has been recognized an important part of the forest ecosystem production, playing a major pathway in energy flow and nutrient cycling through the ecosystem. This study was carried out to examine the quantity and components, temporal variation, and spatial heterogeneity of the litterfall in the mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest. The data were collected from the 9ha permanent experimental plot, of which on the center area, i.e. $150m{\times}150m$, the total number of 319 circular litterfall traps with the size of $0.5m^2$ were established to collect falling litterfall. The results showed that the annual amount of litterfall was totalized 3,033.7 kg/ha, occupying broad-leaves of 39.3%, conifer-leaves of 29.5%, others of 18.5%, branches of 10.4%, and seeds of 2.3%. The peak point of the litterfall production was made at the end of September, proportionating 32.2% of total amount. The analysis of semivariogram revealed the existence of high spatial heterogeneity, calculated the scale of spatial heterogeneity ranged from 11.6 m to 29.1 m. The result of proportion (C/[Co+C]) showed that spatial heterogeneity of autocorrelation in total spatial heterogeneity were from 97.0% to 100%. The relatively heavy branches and others had significant differences in litterfall production between the areas of canopy gap and closed canopy in the 95% probability level, but the other components did not show statistical differences.