Fundamental Understanding and Fabrication of Microbial Fuel Cells for Generation of Sustainable Renewable Energy

Gurung, Anup Kangwon National Univ 2013 국내박사

Energy is considered as one of the most important component for social and economic development. It is indispensable for securing a reasonable standard of living, as it fulfills basis human requirements. Therefore, per capita consumption is considered as a fundamental driver as well as indicator of wealth and quality of a nation. The current global energy demand is primarily dominated by fossil fuels in which more than 80% of this demand is met by fossil fuels sector. The heavy reliance on fossil fuels, especially oil and gas has triggered the global energy crisis as well as become one of the major drives for degrading the environment including air, water and soil. In recent years, the global energy demand has increased dramatically due to economically booming developing countries like Brazil, China and India. To become less dependent on fossil fuels, current world is shifting paradigm in energy by developing alternative energy sources mainly through the utilization of renewable energy sources. In particular, bioenergy recovery from wastes with the help of microorganism is viewed as one of the promising ways to mitigate the current global warming crisis as well as to supply global energy. It has been proved that microorganism can generate power by converting organic matter into electricity using microbial fuel cells (MFCs). MFC is a bioelectrochemical device that employs microbes to generate electricity from bio-convertible substrate such as wastewaters including municipal, solid waste, industrial and agricultural wastes, and sewage. Sustainability, carbon neutral and generation of renewable energy are some of the major features of MFCs. The possibility of bioelectricity generation in two chambered mediator-less MFCs was investigated using fermentable and non-fermentable substrates in batch mode. Two different electron acceptors namely dissolved oxygen and potassium ferricyanide-[K3Fe(CN)6] have been tested in the cathode chambered for the effects of reducing agent on the power generation. The average voltages generated with both substrates were more or less similar. However, with [K3Fe(CN)6] as the reducing agent, the power output increased by approximately 40%. In order to increase voltage generation, three individual H-type two chambered MFCs were connected together in series and parallel connections. The stackable MFCs in series produce an open circuit voltage (OCV) of 2.033 V which is equal to the mathematical sum of the individual MFCs. Similarly, the connection of three MFC units in parallel produced the maximum power of 0.4 mW, corresponding to the maximum current of 1.25 mA. For the better understanding of the voltage reversal phenomenon, a dead cell (without substrate) was connected with the two other good working cells. It was found that voltage reversal occurred when the dead cell connected in the circuit. Reactor configuration can influence the voltage generation significantly in MFCs. In order to investigate this, two chambered rectangular MFC was designed and operated in semi-batch mode. The maximum power density of 503±55 mW/m2 was obtained corresponding to the current density of 1107±326 mA/m2. In order to obtain high voltage, two MFCs were connected together in series or parallel. The stacked voltages of 1.3 V (OCV) and 1.22 V (1000 Ω) were produced, respectively, when two MFCs were connected together in series. When the MFCs were connected in parallel mode, the maximum power of 2.9 mW was obtained corresponding to the maximum current of 6.26 mA. Voltage reversal is a critical problem in a serially-connected MFC unit. The voltage reversal often occurs when substrate concentration is relatively low in the anodic compartment. In this study two rectangular individual cells were stacked together in a series in continuous mode. In order to investigate the effect of substrate on power generation, one MFC (MFC1) was constantly fed with 1 g/L glucose while another MFC (MFC2) was fed with varied concentrations of glucose (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.8 g/L). Voltage reversal occurred when the MFC2 was fed with 0.1 g/L glucose, whereas in the remaining substrate concentrations voltage reversal did not occur. In an effort to reduce dependency on non-renewable energy sources, lignocellulosic biomass is considered as the potential sources of renewable energy in recent years. We investigated the electricity generation from rice straw in two chambered MFCs. The MFC produced the average working potential of 0.601±0.02 V (1000Ω). The MFC produced the maximum power of 0.6 mW corresponding to the maximum current of 1.41 mA. The present study demonstrates that stable power could be generated using rice straw as the electron donor source in MFCs. 미생물연료전지는 생활하수, 산업폐수, 농업부산물을 포함하는 폐수와 같은 물질로부터 미생물을 이용하여 전기를 생산하는 전기화학적 장치이다. 메디에이터가 없는 미생물연료전지의 전기 생산 가능성은 글루코오스, 아세테이트를 가지고 회분식 운전으로 연구하였다. 환원반응조에서 파워발생에 미치는 환원제의 효과는 두 개의 다른 전자 수용체 즉, 용존산소와 Potassium ferricyanide를 이용하여 실험하였다. 두 물질(글루코오스, 아세테이트)에 의해 발생된 평균전압은 유사하였다. 환원제로 Potassium ferricyanide를 사용하였을 때 파워는 약 40% 증가하였다. 파워 발생을 높이기 위해 세 개의 H-타입의 미생물연료전지를 직렬과 병렬로 각각 연결하였다. 직렬로 연결된 미생물연료전지의 OCV는 각각의 미생물연료전지의 총 전압(OCV)의 합과 비슷한 2.033V가 측정되었다. 병렬로 연결된 세 개의 미생물연료전지는 최대전류인 1.25mA에 상응하는 0.4mW의 최고 파워가 발생되었다. 전압 변환 (voltage reversal) 현상을 더 잘 이해하기 위해서 기질이 없는 죽은 반응조에 두 개의 정상적인 반응조를 연결했다. 회로에 죽은 반응조가 연결되었을 때 전압 변환이 발생했다. 반응조 배치는 미생물연료전지에서 전압 생산에 상당한 영향을 줄 수 있다. 이것을 연구하기 위해 두 개의 사각형 모양의 미생물연료전지가 제작되었고 이를 이용해 반회분식으로 실험하였다. 최고 전류밀도인 1107±326mA/cm2에 상응하는 503±55 mW/m2의 최고 파워밀도가 측정되었다. 높은 전압을 얻기 위해 두 개의 미생물연료전지가 직렬, 병렬로 연결되었다. 미생물연료전지가 직렬로 연결되었을 때 발생한 전압은 OCV의 경우 1.3 V, 1000Ω의 저항을 연결했을 경우 1.22 V가 각각 측정되었다. 미생물연료전지가 병렬로 연결되는 경우 최고전류 6.26 mA에 상응하는 최고 파워 2.9mW가 측정되었다. 전압 전환은 미생물연료전지가 직렬로 연결되었을 때 발생하는 심각한 문제이다. 전압 전환은 음극전지에 기질의 농도가 비교적 낮을 때 발생한다. 이번 연구에서 두 개의 사각형 모양의 미생물연료전지가 연속운전방식으로 직렬연결되었다. 기질의 파워 발생에 미치는 효과를 연구하기 위해 한 개의 미생물연료전지(MFC1)에 1 g/L의 글루코스를 연속적으로 주입하였고 이 때 다른 미생물연료전지(MFC2)에는 다양한 농도 (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 g/L)의 글루코스를 주입하였다. MFC2에 0.1 g/L 글루코스를 주입했을 때만 전압 변환이 발생했고 다른 농도의 글루코스 주입에서는 발생하지 않았다. 재이용불가능한 자원의 의존을 줄이기 위한 노력으로 리그노셀룰로직 바이오매스가 최근 재이용에너지원으로 고려되었다. 우리는 미생물연료전지를 이용, 볏짚으로 부터의 전기생산을 연구했다. 미생물연료전지는 1000Ω의 저항을 연결했을 때 0.601±0.02V의 포텐셜을 발생했다. 본 연구를 통해 미생물연료전지에서 전자공여체로 볏짚을 이용하여 안정적인 파워 발생이 가능하다는 것을 입증하였다

The Role of international law in the fight against civil avation terrorism

Edward, Halle Kangwon National Univ. 2012 국내석사

항공기의 노선, 존재, 그리고 모든 상업활동은 국가의 감독과 규제의 산물이다. 또한 항공은 국가를 위한 긍지, 명성, 포부 및 국제화의 상징이다. 더욱이 상업적항공의 재앙은 고의에 의하거나 사고에 의한 것을 구분하지 않고 중요하게 하나의 사건으로 대중매체에서 다루어진다. 신문 1면에 기재되거나 뉴스 잡지의 주요테마로 소개되고 전자미디어에서도 소개된다. 이와 같은 이유로 상업항공은 테러리스트의 주요 목표가 된다. 테러리스트는 현대사회의 악몽과 같다. 그것은 테러리즘이 그것 자체로 얼마나 잔인한 것인지 상상할 수 있는 의미이다. 국제민간운송에 가해지는 위법한 방해의 공격은 다음과 같은 행위로 구성된다. 항공기 하이재킹, 운항중이거나 착륙한 항공기 폭발을 야기하는 항공 사보타지, 항공기에 대한 미사일 공격, 공항에 대한 무장 공격, 승객과 다른 항공운송과 관련된 재산, 항공기에 의한 불법적 마약운반이나 그것의 범죄적 연결, 항공기를 무기로 사용하는 것, 테러리즘에 의한 직접적이고 경제적인 행위 등이다. 하이재킹과 다른 항공기 테러리즘은 무고한 사람들 대상으로 정치적 목적을 달성하려고 하는 군사적 취약을 보완하기 위한 수단으로 발전되어왔다. 민간항공의 초창기에 승객의 주요 관심은 항공기 상태와 조종사의 운항실력이었다. 그러나 최근에는 한 가지 더 추가되었다. 승객 중 한 사람이 혁명의 원인으로 미디어의 주목을 받을 기회로 이용하는가 아닌가 하는 점이다. 하이재킹과 항공기 파괴는 여전히 세계인의 관심을 끌 수 있는 효과적인 수단이다. 하이재킹의 대부분은 민간항공을 대상으로 하는 경우가 많다. 다른 범죄행위로는 (1) 공항공격, (2) 폭탄 설치, 폭탄 설치 시도, 그리고 탑승중 항공기에 대한 사격 (3) 일반기나 전세기에 사고 (4) 공항 외부 시설 공격, (5) 운항 중 항공기에 대한 요격 등이다. 첫번째 장은 국제법의 성장과 항공법에 적용 범위에 초점을 맞추었다. 특히 조약법인 1944년 시카고협약과 그의 부속 협약의 적용범위를 중심으로 전개한다. 이것은 국제조약이 발표되고 법적 효력을 나타내는 국제법적 원리를 파악하고 수많은 논쟁과 국제법 기구의 관심을 자극할 것이다. 두번째 장은 민간항공에 가해지는 위법적인 방해 행위에 대한 정의와 행위의 본질 그리고 ICAO를 통해 형성된 국제법 기구의 반응 즉, 감독과 범죄에 대해 가해지는 처벌에 대해 다룬다. 주요한 쟁점은 민간항공에 가해지는 위법한 방해행위와 관련된 다양한 협약과 법을 분석하고 또한 관계된 문제인 관할권, 승인, 발효 등을 함께 다룬다. 따라서 ICAO에 의해 결정된 법의 범위를 전반적으로 분석하였다. 세번째 장은 민간항공에 가한 위법한 방해행위에 대한 세가지 중요한 사례를 살펴본다. (1) 1983년 로커비에 발생한 팬암 103사건, (2) 2001년 911사건 이다. 이 사건들은 항공법의 발전에서 많은 변화를 가져왔으며 고려의 대상이다. 네번째 장은 이러한 현상을 다루는 접근과 같이 항공 테러리즘의 구체적인 면을 다룬다. 접근의 장점과 단점을 정치적 제안을 포함하여 전반적으로 검토한다. 또한 결합과 점진적인 접근 그리고 범죄인도, 승인, 공항에서의 안전표준통합 등 모두를 전체적으로 살펴본다. 다섯번째 장은 새로운 항공 협약의 혁신, 장점 그리고 테러리즘에 대항하는 접근 등 항공 안전에 대한 전세계적인 연구를 살펴보는 것을 다룬다. 이러한 연구의 과정은 항공운송 분야의 법과 정치의 혁명에 대한 연대기적인 이해를 용이하게 한다. 또한 항공법의 발전은 오랫동안 시대에 순응하기 보다 반작용적으로 형성되어 왔기 때문에 중요하다. 또한 결론적으로 공항과 항공기에 대한 안전이나 테러리스트에 대한 조치, 항공테러리스트나 하이재킹을 원조하는 국가에 대한 의미 있는 조치를 부과하는 것 등은 국제법이나 국내법 모두 국제적 협력이 없이 항공테러리즘을 해결할 수 없다. Like few other commercial activities, an airline embodies the national symbol of the nation whose flag it flies. Its routes, existence, and all of its commercial activities are a product of national oversight and regulation. For some nations Aviation is a symbol of pride, prestige, national aspirations, and global penetration. Moreover commercial Aviation disasters whether intentional or accidental are uniquely treated by the news media as singular events appearing in the front pages of newspapers, the cover stories of news magazines, the major stories of television news broadcasting and electronic media sites. For all these reasons, commercial aircraft have become a prominent target of Terrorists. Terrorism has become the nightmare of the modern world. The means by which Terrorism manifests itself are as brutal as one can imagine. The offence of unlawful interference with international Civil Aviation broadly comprises of the following acts; Hijacking of aircrafts, Aviation Sabotage such as causing explosions in the aircraft on the ground and in flight, missile attacks against aircrafts, armed attacks on airports, passengers and other aviation related property, the Illegal carriage of narcotics by air and its criminal ramifications, using aircrafts as a weapon and organizing, directing and financing acts of terrorism. Hijacking and other forms of aerial terrorism have developed as a means for the militarily weak to achieve political ends at the expense of the innocent. During the infancy of Civil Aviation, a passenger's principal concerns were the condition of the aircraft and the skills of the pilot. Recent decades have added a third concern: whether or not a fellow passenger intends to use the occasion to focus the media's attention on a revolutionary cause. The Hijacking or destruction of aircraft is still among the most effective means, of capturing a worldwide audience. Hijackings account for the largest percentage of all attacks against civil aviation. Other criminal acts include: (1) airport attacks; (2) bombings, attempted bombings, and shootings on board civil aviation aircraft; (3) general and charter aviation aircraft incidents; (4) off-airport facility attacks; and, (5) shootings at in-flight aircraft. The first chapter will focus on the growth of international law and its applicability to air law. Emphasis to this extend will centre on the applicability of treaty law to the Chicago convention of 1944 and its annexes. This will be to show whether the international legal principles upon which international treaties are established have the nature and force of law an issue, which has aroused numerous debates, and concerns in the international legal community. The second chapter will deal with definitions of acts of unlawful interference with Civil Aviation the nature of the acts as well as the response of the international legal community through ICAO to suppress and to punish its perpetrators. The aim will be to analyze the various conventions and laws relating to unlawful interference with Civil Aviation and will involve issues relating to jurisdictions, sanctions, and enforcement. Thus the extent of the law as a deterrent through ICAO shall be thoroughly analyzed. The third chapter will explore three major cases of unlawful interference with civil aviation: (1) the Pan Am 103 disaster over Lockerbie in 1983 and (2) the September 11 attacks 2001. The impact of these cases in the development of air law as well as changes brought by them is given due consideration. The fourth chapter will deal with specific aspects of aerial terrorism such as the approaches applicable to deal with this phenomenon. The strengths and loopholes of these approaches will be thoroughly examined, including making policy recommendations. These include the comprehensive and piecemeal approaches and the issues raised such as extradition, sanctions, unification of safety standards at airports as well as concerted action. The fifth chapter will deal with an interpretative study of the new aviation conventions their innovations, strengths and approaches taken to fight against aerial terrorism as well as their implication in the aviation safety over the World skies. The discussion proceeds across time in order to facilitate a chronological understanding of the evolution of law and policy in aviation, which is particularly important because the development of aviation law has long been a reactive, rather than a proactive, process. It is submitted that neither international nor domestic law will effectively deter aerial terrorism without worldwide cooperation to strengthen airport and aircraft security, prosecute terrorists, and impose meaningful sanctions on states that provide safe havens for, or support, hijackers and other aerial terrorists.

Comparison of the Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal women Treated with or without Epidural Steroid Injections in Managing Low Back Pain

Jeong, Tae-Yoon Kangwon National Univ. 2012 국내박사

연구배경: 하부 요통을 가진 폐경여성의 치료에서 골밀도(Bone Mineral Density, BMD)와 경막외 스테로이드 주입술(Epidural Steroid Injection, ESI) 간의 상관관계를 알아 보고자 하였다. 방법: 하부 요통을 가진 폐경여성들 중 치료 방법으로 경막외 스테로이드 주입술을 받고 있는 지의 여부를 살펴 보았다. 골밀도(BMD)는 치료 전(pre-treatment) 1년에서부터 치료 후(post-treatment) 1~2년에 걸쳐 요추, 대퇴골 경부, 그리고 대퇴골에서 측정하였다. 이에 총 90명의 폐경여성들을 2개 군으로 나누었다. Group 1은 ESI 시행 없이 경구 투여 약물만 복용하였다; Group 2 는 4회 이상에 걸쳐서, 누적 용량이 최소 120mg 이상의 triamcinolone을 사용하여 ESI를 시행하였다. 결과: Group 2에서 BMD가 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 그러나 Group 1,2 양 쪽 군 모두에서 baseline BMD로부터의 BMD변화는 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 고찰: 이 결과는 1년간 200mg 이상의 triamcinolone을 사용하여 시행한 ESI가 하부 요통을 가진 폐경여성의 BMD에 negative effect를 가질 수 있다고 보여진다. 그러나 1년동안 약 200mg의 triamcinolone을 사용하여 시행한 ESI 치료는 BMD에 뚜렷한 영향없이 치료하는 하나의 안전한 방법이라 생각된다. Background: The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between bone mineral density (BMD) and epidural steroid injections (ESI) in postmenopausal women with low back pain. Methods: We reviewed postmenopausal women with low back pain who were treated with or without ESI. The BMD was measured at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total femur within 1-year of pre-treatment and 1~2 years of post-treatment. A total of 90 postmenopausal women were assigned to one of the 2 groups. Group 1 patients received medications without ESI; Group 2 patients received ESI for more than four times, with a cumulative administered dose of triamcinolone was > 120mg. Results: A decreasing trend in BMD was observed in group 2 patients. However, no significant difference was observed between and within the groups in terms of mean percentage change from baseline BMD. Conclusions: These data suggest that ESI with triamcinolone (over 200mg) for a period of one year will have a negative effect on BMD in postmenopausal women with low back pain. However, the therapy with ESI along with about 200mg of triamcinolone for a period of one year would be a safe method of treatment without any significant impact on BMD.

Evaluation and Optimal Down-Stream Processing to Recycle Unfasted Stomach Spent Feed for Pig

Kaingmean, Kay Kangwon National Univ. 2012 국내박사

Two trials were conducted to investigate the significance of the un-fasted stomach spent feed (USSF) as either reducible or recyclable waste. Trial 1 was carried out to examine physico-chemical and microbiological properties of USSF and to develop the optimal pretreatment or processing method of wet USSF to enable recycle. Trial 2 was carried out to evaluate the feed-nutritional value of USSF upon feeding to finishing pig. In trial 1, freshly retrieved wet USSF was mixed with pig feed then either pelleted or fermented to develop proper and cost-effective processing method to enable recycling of USSF. Moisture content of wet USSF retrieved at an abattoir was near 70% and its pH was 4.52, which was relatively acidic. Average particle size of dried USSF was 1,869 μm suggesting faster gastric emptying of finer particle. After drying, the protein and GE content of USSF were close to those of pig feed, suggesting its potential as feed. Fermentation was able to extend storage life of USSF mixed feed. Successful pelleting of USSF + pig feed mixtures was achieved and able to improve storage life of the mixture as pellet feed. Therefore, less than 20% portion of USSF blending with pig feed was recommend to enable proper mixing, handling, pelleting and storage. In trial 2, two levels (5 and 10%) of USSF were respectively mixed with 95% and 90% of formula feed and 100% formula feed was prepared. Three diets were designated as 0:100, 5:95 and 10:90 according to each respective blending ratio. In addition, 100% USSF was also subjected to in vitro digestion trial. In vitro, DM and OM digestibilities of USSF mixture were relatively lower (P<0.05) than those of commercial pig feed, regardless of its site of in vitro gut simulation. This decrease in digestibility was presumed to represent partial digestion of DM in the stomach. For pig feeding study in trial 2, a total of 42 finishing pigs were allocated into three groups (seven male and seven female pigs per each group). The pigs with 81.45 kg average initial body weight were fed 28-days until marketing. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. For in vivo digestion trial, 0.3% chromium oxide was added to the test diets. The result indicated that BW and digestibility were not significantly different (P>0.05) between treatments and control. There were also no difference (P>0.05) in carcass grade among substitution levels of USSF with pig diet. Therefore, trial 2 showed that USSF can successfully replace finishing pig diet up to 5% level. Overall, this study implied that the nutritive value USSF is almost similar to that of precedingly consumed feed before slaughter. Farm level routine practice of pre-slaughter fasting should be implemented to decrease the amount of this valuable USSF generation. Otherwise, retrieval and recycle of the USSF as pig feed could be practiced without any sacrifice on pig performance once properly processed.

Analysis on Influencing Factors of E-government Readiness in Mongolia

Otgonbold, Dorjderem Kangwon National Univ 2013 국내박사

This study is an attempt to address main influencing factors of E-government readiness in Mongolia using a research framework which is theoretically formulated and tested. Consistent with the research framework, the definitions, maturity and evolution of E-government are conceptually examined and basic acceptance and assessment instruments of information system are reviewed. In addition, previous literatures and models which developed main factors of E-government readiness are analyzed for the research design and methodology. In order to validate the research framework, the research mostly adopted a quantitative approach where main characteristics are breaking the problem down to specific variables, building hypotheses, and testing theories using instruments and observations that provide statistical data. In the range of the research, quantitative data is collected through distributing a questionnaire on a sample representing both citizens and public servants. In addition, scanning of relevant documents, observation and brainstorming etc are applied for data collection in the range of the research framework. The research collected small unit of cases from a large population for accurate generalizations about the large group. Total 170 units of questionnaire were used and distributed among selected government employees and citizens who work at respective private sectors in Mongolia. 146 samples have been received out of total 170 questionnaires in time and 142 samples have been selected for this study. Since the E-government readiness, applying area for this research, is not widely understood among population, the research selected on one hand the respondents from government departments regarding E-government and on the other hand private company employees who are most likely to use ICT in everyday operation in relation to E-government services. Both groups have 71/71 respondents. The respondents were from 17 different government agencies and citizens who are employed at private banks, IT companies, private universities and businessmen participated in the survey. Demographic characteristics descriptions, factor analysis and reliability test, t-test descriptive statistics, correlations test and Multiple Regression method for statistical data analysis and descriptive method for qualitative data are also applied using SPSS 20 program. The unit of this research is in individual level, so the research has focused on population from two different groups such as public servants who are closely related to E-government tasks and bachelor and graduate degree holder citizens who use IT at daily work. The findings of this study provided a preliminary insight of the possibility that the given research model is consistent with the proposed theoretical foundation within the context of E-government readiness in Mongolia. Specifically, research found that there are significant influencing factors among main 5 independent factors along with 13 respective constructs.

Prognostic Factors of Unresectable Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

이재경 Kangwon National Univ. 2009 국내석사

The Effect FTAs on Income Inequality

Nomintsetseg, Ulzii-Ochir Kangwon National Univ 2013 국내박사

Part A In the mid of 1990’s, the number of free-trade agreements has increased rapidly. In the same period of time it has been said that income inequality increased in many nations of the world. However, it is still matter of huge debate among scholars whether FTAs increases or decreases income inequality. Using the unbalanced panel dataset of 124 countries over the period 1988-2008, the part A of this thesis assesses the impact of FTA on income inequalities within-countries. Differing from the existing empirical literature, this thesis aims to examine the effect of market integration on within-country income inequalities by utilizing brand new explanatory variable FTA (Free Trade Agreement). In the framework of neoclassical trade theory, it has been found that increases in FTAs lead to greater income inequalities within-countries. However, the interaction between FTAs and factor endowments, it has been found a negative and significant association with inequality. Part B The existing empirical studies suggest mixed predictions whether Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) converges or diverges income difference across-countries. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the impact of FTA on income difference between-countries. In order to examine this effect, I utilized country-pair panel data of 124 countries during the year of 1998-2008 and constructed FTA index, respectively. On the basis of augmented Knowledge-Capital Model, it has been found strong convergence of income levels between-countries when they engaging in FTA. Differences in capital and labor ratio, human capital and technology level found positively associated with income difference as expected.

Building the Environmental Audit Process Applicable to Vietnam’s Industrial Parks : 베트남의 산업 단지에 적용 가능한 환경 감사 프로세스의 수립

Le, Doan Hoai Kangwon National Univ. 2012 국내박사

Vietnam’s Industrial Parks, established from the early 1990’s and greatly developed in recent years, have played an important role in Vietnam’s socio-economic development process. Actually, the development of Industrial Parks has been accompanied both by the promotion of industrial development by attracting domestic & foreign investment and by positive changes in the socio-economic structure of the country through enhancement of the living standard of the people. However, the development process of industrial parks in Vietnam is now facing many challenges due to environmental pollution by waste, sewage and industrial emissions. These problems, if not efficiently solved, will cause natural disasters and climate change which will seriously threaten people’s life and health in the future. Preservation of the environment is nowadays not a problem only for a specific country but a problem that every country in the world must solve together. From this viewpoint, the international conference on environment held in Bali (Indonesia) deserves to attract the attention of most countries in the world, especially developing countries. This shows that the environment does not only affect the economic development of each country but also affects the survival of present and future generations Environment and economic development always have contradictory effects. If we set our economic development target at high level, we will have to use more natural resources. Thus, the possibility of causing pollution from industrial waste becomes very serious. This has an impact on the sustainable development of environment. Therefore, we need to maintain a harmonious relationship between economic development and environmental protection. One relevant issue is a method of control to prevent the process from causing environmental pollution. In developed countries like the United States, England, and Japan ...this issue carries much importance and is regulated strictly, especially in the case of a large scale sea food production & processing company. Nowadays, in developing countries, when the speed of industrialization is growing strongly, the material life of the people increases remarkably. Nevertheless, these countries have to face problems of serious environmental pollution impacting directly on public health. As a result, these countries become the repositories dump of the developed countries. Thus, these countries need to have stringent regulations on environment laws and measures for punishing behavior to cause environmental pollution. Issues set out at present are what agency, and organization will stand out to perform these important tasks? In the World, some countries could answer the question and it is Supreme Audit Agency. The concept of Environmental Audit began to appear in the first decades of the ’80s after a series of environmental disasters in England and America. Accordingly, environmental audit is understood as a management tool involving a systematic, documented, periodic and objective evaluation of the effects of environmental organization, management and equipment. The purpose of this research is to focus on an environmental audit model in the World with study of the environment status at Vietnam’s industrial parks. The study will present the general environmental audit process applicable to Viet nam’s industrial parks, proposed be performed by the Supreme Audit Agency. 1990년대에 조성되기 시작한 베트남의 산업단지들은 지금까지 베트남의 사회·경제의 발전에 크게 기여해 왔다. 실제로 산업단지들의 발전은 그동안 외국투자유치의 촉진, 주민들의 일자리 창출과 소득증대, 그리고 여러 가지 제품의 생산과 수출 증대 뿐 아니라 신도시 개발과 각종 서비스산업의 발전을 가져왔다. 그 결과 베트남은 사회경제구조의 변화와 함께 2010년 베트남을 산업국가로 전환시키고자 했던 목표도 실현 가능케 되었다. 베트남의 산업단지들은 발전에 발전을 거듭하여왔지만 자연환경의 훼손과 폐수, 폐기물의 배출로 인해 심각한 환경오염문제에 직면하게 되었다. 만약 이런 문제들을 해결하지 않고 계속 방치해둔다면, 이는 물론 주민들의 건강에 직접적으로 영향을 줄 뿐만 아니라 베트남은 기후변화와 여러 가지 자연재해의 발생을 초래하게 될 것이다. 이제 환경보호와 그의 발전은 한 나라만의 문제가 아니라 전 세계의 문제로 부각되기에 이르렀다. 인도네시아의 발리에서 열린 국제환경회의가 세계 각국 특히, 개발도상국들의 이목을 끄는 것은 환경문제가 단지 일국의 경제성장의 문제로서만 제기되는 것이 아니고 세계 인류의 미래 생존에 중대한 영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문이다. 실제로, 환경은 경제발전과 대립관계를 갖고 있다. 따라서 우리가 경제를 어떤 일정한 수준까지 발전시키려면 그만큼 자연자원을 소비해야 한다. 물론, 이 경우 그만큼 자연은 피해를 입게 된다. 특히, 산업폐기물의 경우 이러한 환경오염문제는 매우 심각하게 대두되곤 한다. 우리는 이런 이유들 때문에 자연환경보호와 경제발전을 조화롭게 다뤄 나가야 할 것이다. 문제는 어떻게 해야 자연환경의 훼손을 줄이고 자연환경을 보전시켜 나갈 수 있는가 하는데 있다. 미국이나 영국, 일본 같은 선진국에서는 이 문제를 엄격하게 다루고 있다. 특히 식품제조 대기업들의 경우에는 더 엄격한 관리가 요구되고 있다. 오늘날 개발도상국들의 주민들은 경제의 발전덕분에 물질적으로는 풍요한 삶을 누리게 되었지만 또 한편으로는 심각한 환경오염 때문에 주민들의 삶이 많은 위협을 받게 되었다. 그렇다면 과연 어떤 조직 기구들이 이러한 문제를 책임질 것인가? 해외의 몇몇 나라들에서는 최고회계감사원이 이 임무를 맡고 있다. 원래 환경감사라는 개념은 80년대 영국과 미국에서 일어난 자연참사로부터 생겨났다. 환경감사는 체계적이고 주기적이며 객관적인 평가 시스템이다. 즉, 자연을 보호하며 관리하고 가장 실질적이고 효과적인 운영을 할 수 있도록 하는 문서화된 제도라고 할 수 있다. 이러한 관점에서 본 연구는 세계 각국의 환경감사 모델들 그리고 베트남 산업단지로 인해 발생하는 환경문제 등에 관한 연구를 통해 베트남 산업단지의 표준 환경감사프로세스를 수립하는 데 그 목적을 두고 있다.

Design and Synthesis of Unnatural C-CH2-C Linked Biflavones : 탄소-메틸렌-탄소 연결형태의 비천연 바이플라본 화합물의 설계 및 합성

Phuong-Thuy, Thi Phan Kangwon National Univ. 2012 국내석사

Biflavonoids are naturally occurring compounds which are flavonoid dimer connected with a C-C or C-O-C bond and possess a wide range of biological activities. Especially, biflavonoids were found to possess anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro. Among them, several biflavonoids were found to possess anti-inflammatory activity on animal models of acute/chronic inflammation comparable to nonsteroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs currently used. Ochnaflavone, a naturally occurring biflavonoid, is mainly found in the medicinal plant Lonicera japonica (Caprifoliaceae) that has a dual cyclooxygenase-2/5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, this compound strongly inhibited degranulation reaction in a dose dependent manner. Therefore, this compound might provide a basis for novel anti-inflammatory drugs. Recently, a series of C-C and C-O-C linked biflavonoids were synthesized and found to be PLA2 inhibitors and inhibitors of PGE2 by us. As a part continuing structural elaboration and searching more potent anti-inflammatory agents, a series of unnatural C-CH2-C linked basic biflavones possessing a different array of flavone-flavone linkage and an analog of C-CH2-C linked ochnaflavone were designed, synthesized and evaluated their anti-inflammatory activity. 바이플라보노이드 화합물은 천연물로서 2개의 플라보노이드가 탄소-탄소 혹은 탄소-산소-탄소 형식으로 연결된 이량체 형태의 물질로서 다양한 생리활성을 갖는 것이 알려졌다. 특히, 바이플라보노이드 화합물 시험관 및 생체시험에서 항염증작용을 갖는 것이 발견되었다. 그 중에서도, 몇 개의 바이플라보노이드 화합물은 동물을 사용한 급만성 염증시험에서 현재 사용 중인 비스테로이드성 항염증제에 필적하는 효과를 갖는 것이 보고되었다. 오크나플라본은 천연 바이플라보노이드 화합물로서 주로 약용식물인 인동초에서 얻어지며, COX-2와 5-LO효소를 억제하는 효과를 갖는 것이 알려졌다. 더욱이 이 화합물은 용량 의존적으로 탈과립 반응을 강력히 억제한다. 따라서 이 화합물은 신규 항염증제의 기본요건을 갖추고 있다고 사료된다. 최근, 일련의 탄소-탄소 및 탄소-산소-탄소 형태의 연결을 갖는 바이플라보노이드 화합물을 합성하여 검색한 결과 PLA2 및 PGE2 효소억제제 작용이 밝혀졌다. 보다 강력한 항염증제 개발의 일환으로서 천연에서 발견되지 않는 서로 다른 다양한 배열을 갖는 탄소-탄소-탄소 연결 형태의 바이플라보노이드 및 오크나플라본의 탄소-메틸렌-탄소 연결형태의 화합물을 합성하고 이 화합물들의 항염증 작용을 평가하였다.

Understanding of molecular events in inflammatory and tumorigenic responses

이용규 Kangwon National Univ. 2011 국내박사

Chronic (or acute) inflammation is a multiple step process that is mediated by activated inflammatory or immune cells. Of these, macrophages play a central role in managing many different immune-pathological phenomena during inflammation. These events are mainly managed by intracellular signaling cascades, including PI3K/ Akt, mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), non-receptor type tyrosine kinases, up-regulating inflammatory gene expression via activation of transcription factors such as the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and activator protein (AP)-1. The hydroxylated benzene metabolite hydroquinone (HQ) is mainly generated from benzene, an important industrial chemical, and is also a common dietary component. We characterized Akt (protein kinase B)-targeted regulation by HQ and its derivatives, in suppressing inflammatory responses using cellular, molecular, biochemical, and immuno-pharmacological approaches. HQ down-regulated inflammatory responses such as NO production, surface levels of pattern recognition receptors, and cytokine gene expression with IC50 values that ranged from 5 to 10 uM. HQ inhibition was mediated by blocking NF-kappaB activation via suppression of its translocation pathway, which is composed of Akt, IkappaBalpha kinase beta, and IkappaBalpha. Of the targets in this pathway, HQ directly targeted and bound to the sulfhydryl group of Cys-310 of Akt and sequentially interrupted the phosphorylation of both Thr-308 and Ser-473 by mediation of beta-mercaptoethanol. Oncogenic tyrosine kinases have been reported to be highly active in various cancer cells that have higher proliferative, survival and metastatic properties. The functional involvement of Src which is one of tyrosine kinase in various tumorigenic responses, including the proliferation, differentiation, metastasis, and motility of tumor cells, has been well elucidated. Therefore, the selective inhibition of Src is considered to be a strong therapeutic approach to treat various cancers. We examined the effects of transmethylation on Src kinase activity and Src-mediated tumorigenic responses. Adenosine dialdehyde (AdOx), a transmethylation inhibitor, selectively diminished Src phosphorylation and its kinase activity. It displayed several anti-cancer properties including the inhibition of proliferation and migration. AdOx-induced hypomethylation caused alteration of actin cytoskeleton and the molecular interaction between Src and actin. Mutation of the actin methylation site at histidine 72 resulted in a reduction in actin polymerization and in the ability of actin to interact with Src, supporting a significant role for the actin cytoskeleton in the transmethylation-associated regulation of Src. The S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH)-mediated down-regulation of transmethylation by the suppression of SAH hydrolase (SAHH) effectively eliminated the Src-mediated cancerous responses based upon the results from SAHH-siRNA treatment and the correlation of phospho-Src and SAHH found in cancer patient samples. Our results suggest that Akt and its target site Cys-310 can be considered as a prime molecular target of HQ-mediated immunosuppression and for novel anti-Akt-targeted immunosuppressive drugs. Taken together, a new role for transmethylation in the selective regulation of Src and Src-mediated tumorigenic events that is closely linked to actin cytoskeleton rearrangement.