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- 발행기관 : European Geophysical Society (검색결과 12 건)
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Characteristics of high waves observed at multiple stations along the east coast of Korea
Oh, S.-H.,Jeong, W.-M. European Geophysical Society 2013 Natural hazards and earth system sciences Vol.13 No.12
<P> In recent several years, extremely high waves occasionally struck the Korean coast of the East Sea and caused severe coastal disasters almost every winter season. In this paper, characteristics of such high waves are reported by analyzing wave records collected at multiple stations along the east coast of Korea. Meteorological data obtained at relevant weather stations were also used in the analysis. The reason for appearance of the high waves was identified as the strong northeasters due to extra-tropical low pressure systems that had been rapidly developing in the East Sea. The general mechanism concerning the formation and spatial evolution of such strong low pressure systems was more clearly understood through the synthetic analysis of the wave and meteorological data. In particular, the influence of spatiotemporal features of the low pressure system on the resulting characteristics of the high waves was described in more detail in this study. Since the overall wave direction was also northeast, the first wave arrival time on the coastline became later for a wave station whose latitude is lower. At present, however, the arrival time of such high waves on the coast as well as their intrinsic characteristics such as wave height and period are not satisfactorily predicted by the daily weather forecast. Hence, it is necessary to enhance predictability of the high waves by investigating developmental mechanisms of the strong low pressure system in the winter season more thoroughly. </P>
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Huang, Min,Carmichael, Gregory R.,Pierce, R. Bradley,Jo, Duseong S.,Park, Rokjin J.,Flemming, Johannes,Emmons, Louisa K.,Bowman, Kevin W.,Henze, Daven K.,Davila, Yanko,Sudo, Kengo,Jonson, Jan Eiof,Lun European Geophysical Society 2017 Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol.17 No.9
<P>The recent update on the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of the ground-level ozone (O<SUB>3</SUB>/ can benefit from a better understanding of its source contributions in different US regions during recent years. In the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution experiment phase 1 (HTAP1), various global models were used to determine the O<SUB>3</SUB> source–receptor (SR) relationships among three continents in the Northern Hemisphere in 2001. In support of the HTAP phase 2 (HTAP2) experiment that studies more recent years and involves higher-resolution global models and regional models’ participation, we conduct a number of regional-scale Sulfur Transport and dEposition Model (STEM) air quality base and sensitivity simulations over North America during May–June 2010. STEM’s top and lateral chemical boundary conditions were downscaled from three global chemical transport models’ (i.e., GEOS-Chem, RAQMS, and ECMWF C-IFS) base and sensitivity simulations in which the East Asian (EAS) anthropogenic emissions were reduced by 20 %. The mean differences between STEM surface O<SUB>3</SUB> sensitivities to the emission changes and its corresponding boundary condition model’s are smaller than those among its boundary condition models, in terms of the regional/period-mean (<10 %) and the spatial distributions. An additional STEM simulation was performed in which the boundary conditions were downscaled from a RAQMS (Realtime Air Quality Modeling System) simulation without EAS anthropogenic emissions. The scalability of O<SUB>3</SUB> sensitivities to the size of the emission perturbation is spatially varying, and the full (i.e., based on a 100% emission reduction) source contribution obtained from linearly scaling the North American mean O<SUB>3</SUB> sensitivities to a 20% reduction in the EAS anthropogenic emissions may be underestimated by at least 10 %. The three boundary condition models’ mean O<SUB>3</SUB> sensitivities to the 20% EAS emission perturbations are ~8% (May–June 2010)/~11% (2010 annual) lower than those estimated by eight global models, and the multi-model ensemble estimates are higher than the HTAP1 reported 2001 conditions. GEOS-Chem sensitivities indicate that the EAS anthropogenic NO<SUB><I>x</I></SUB> emissions matter more than the other EAS O<SUB>3</SUB> precursors to the North American O<SUB>3</SUB>, qualitatively consistent with previous adjoint sensitivity calculations.</P><P>In addition to the analyses on large spatial–temporal scales relative to the HTAP1, we also show results on subcontinental and event scales that are more relevant to the US air quality management. The EAS pollution impacts are weaker during observed O<SUB>3</SUB> exceedances than on all days in most US regions except over some high-terrain western US rural/remote areas. Satellite O<SUB>3</SUB> (TES, JPL–IASI, and AIRS) and carbon monoxide (TES and AIRS) products, along with surface measurements and model calculations, show that during certain episodes stratospheric O<SUB>3</SUB> intrusions and the transported EAS pollution influenced O<SUB>3</SUB> in the western and the eastern US differently. Free-running (i.e., without chemical data assimilation) global models underpredicted the transported background O<SUB>3</SUB> during these episodes, posing difficulties for STEM to accurately simulate the surface O<SUB>3</SUB> and its source contribution. Although we effectively improved the modeled O<SUB>3</SUB> by incorporating satellite O<SUB>3</SUB> (OMI and MLS) and evaluated the quality of the HTAP2 emission inventory with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute–Ozone Monitoring Instrument (KNMI–OMI) nitrogen dioxide, using observations to evaluate and improve O<SUB>3</SUB> source attribution still remains to be further explored.</P>
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Uncertainties in calculating precipitation climatology in East Asia
Kim, J.,Park, S. K. EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY 2016 Hydrology and earth system sciences Vol.20 No.2
<P>This study examines the uncertainty in calculating the fundamental climatological characteristics of precipitation in the East Asia region from multiple fine-resolution gridded analysis data sets based on in situ rain gauge observations and data assimilations. Five observation-based gridded precipitation data sets are used to derive the long-term means, standard deviations in lieu of interannual variability and linear trends over the 28-year period from 1980 to 2007. Both the annual and summer (June-July-August) mean precipitation is examined. The agreement amongst these precipitation data sets is examined using two metrics including the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) defined as the ratio between long-term means and the corresponding standard deviations, and Taylor diagrams, which allow examinations of the pattern correlation, the standard deviation, and the centered root mean square error. It is found that the five gauge-based precipitation analysis data sets agree well in the long-term mean and interannual variability in most of the East Asia region including eastern China, Manchuria, South Korea, and Japan, which are densely populated and have fairly high-density observation networks. The regions of large inter-data-set variations include Tibetan Plateau, Mongolia, northern Indo-China, and North Korea. The regions of large uncertainties are typically lightly populated and are characterized by severe terrain and/or extremely high elevations. Unlike the long-term mean and interannual variability, agreement between data sets in the linear trend is weak, both for the annual and summer mean values. In most of the East Asia region, the SNR for the linear trend is below 0.5: the inter-data-set variability exceeds the multi-data ensemble mean. The uncertainty in the spatial distribution of long-term means among these data sets occurs both in the spatial pattern and variability, but the uncertainty for the interannual variability and time trend is much larger in the variability than in the pattern correlation. Thus, care must be taken in using long-term trends calculated from gridded precipitation analysis data for climate studies over the East Asia region.</P>
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Climatological characteristics of raindrop size distributions in Busan, Republic of Korea
EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY 2016 Hydrology and earth system sciences Vol.20 No.1
<P>Raindrop size distribution (DSD) characteristics within the complex area of Busan, Republic of Korea (35.12 degrees N, 129.10 degrees E), were studied using a Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System (POSS) disdrometer over a 4-year period from 24 February 2001 to 24 December 2004. Also, to find the dominant characteristics of polarized radar parameters, which are differential radar reflectivity (Z(dr)), specific differential phase (K-dp) and specific attenuation (A(h)), T-matrix scattering simulation was applied in the present study. To analyze the climatological DSD characteristics in more detail, the entire period of recorded rainfall was divided into 10 categories not only covering different temporal and spatial scales, but also different rainfall types. When only convective rainfall was considered, mean values of mass-weighted mean diameter (D-m) and normalized number concentration (N-w) values for all these categories converged around a maritime cluster, except for rainfall associated with typhoons. The convective rainfall of a typhoon showed much smaller D-m and larger N-w compared with the other rainfall categories. In terms of diurnal DSD variability, we analyzed maritime (continental) precipitation during the daytime (DT) (nighttime, NT), which likely results from sea (land) wind identified through wind direction analysis. These features also appeared in the seasonal diurnal distribution. The DT and NT probability density function (PDF) during the summer was similar to the PDF of the entire study period. However, the DT and NT PDF during the winter season displayed an inverse distribution due to seasonal differences in wind direction.</P>
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