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Korean Immigrant Women Workers in Korea Immigrant-Owned Nail Salins in the United States
Jang, Soo Jung 숙명여자대학교 아세아여성연구소 2007 Asian Women Vol.23 No.1
Many Korean immigrant women have entered into employment in service industries. This research is an attempt to reveal the voices of women who work as a nail technician as a reflection. I explore how Korean women make the derision to work in nail salons, and I also examine employment issues in the process. I use in-depth interviews with Korean women workers in New Jersey and New York using the snowball sampling method. This study illustrates several employment issues, including potential health problems of women as well as the general division of labor by gender and ethnicity, that led Korean immigrant women to work in nail salons.
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Chinwe Lucy Marchie,Francisca Chika Anyanwu 숙명여자대학교 아세아여성연구소 2008 Asian Women Vol.24 No.3
Maternal mortality is a major health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study investigated the difference in socio-cultural factors contributing to maternal mortality in urban and rural areas of in the Southern part of Edo State (Nigeria). The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study that involved two thousand one hundred and fifty seven (2,157) women of reproductive age selected through a multi-stage sampling random sampling technique. Data collection was done by the means of (ⅰ) a self developed structured and validated questionnaire with a reliability index of 0.82, (ⅱ) focus group discussion (FGD) and, (ⅲ) an in-depth interview guide. The results showed no significant difference between urban and rural women in decision making power (x² = 0.63; P > .5). Early marriage and early child bearing are significantly more prevalent in the urban areas than in rural areas (x² = 205.33, df = 6; P > .5). Early marriage, which is traditionally a rural phenomenon, seem to be shifting to urban communities.
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The Interpretation of Yin-Yang and Korean Women's Status
Na, Haeyoung 숙명여자대학교 아세아여성연구소 2009 Asian Women Vol.25 No.1
This essay examines the ways of teaching of major religions in Korea and their influences on women's rights. Because Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity have all consecutively dominated the country at one point or another, Korea is a good place to assess various religious influences on its people. Surprisingly under the current major religions, the religion that offered the most consistent cosmic frame to Korean people is shamanism, which is the oldest indigenous religion in Korea. Moreover, it is laypeople who stood closely to it, rather than prominent leaders who learned foreign religions more, that worked for the equality of women. The first major religion in Korea was Buddhism. Buddhism introduced women's inferiority to men to the Korean society. Confucianism, the second major religion, that firmly held the ukeum-jonyang theory, provided theoretical ground of the oppression of women. Christianity, the third major religion, had well developed teachings about equality. Unfortunately for Korean women, it exercised dual-standard over women with the yin-yang dichotomy. Silhak and Donghak are good examples of the theologization of indigenous egalitarian views of Korean people in terms of yin and yang. The term, yin-yang is a touchstone of equality in Korea. Its interpretation reflects the status of women.
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Time Use and Gender Inequality in Korea : Differences in Paid, Unpaid and Non-productive Activities
An, Mi-young 숙명여자대학교 아세아여성연구소 2008 Asian Women Vol.24 No.3
This paper examines trends and gender differences in time use in Korea. The economic/bargaining approach suggests that changes in women's employment, the delay in marriage and decline in fertility have reduced demand for unpaid work. In addition, improvements in women's employment and wages have given women more bargaining power in relation to men consequently men spend more time on unpaid care work. As a result, the amount of time spent on paid and unpaid work between men and women is converging. At the same time, the gender perspective argues that due to changes in economics, demographics and norms the differentiated time use between men and women can be fine-tuned, but the gender inequality remains fundamental. This research examines the Korean case in light of these explanations. In traditional Korean society, gender roles were rigidly divided. In post industrial society, however, changes in women's role and in the family are evident. These changes have been facilitated by the decline in fertility, the increase in divorce, the increase in women's labor market participation, and the decrease in the number of extended families. This research uses the national representative time use survey data of 1999 and 2004 and examines how much time women and men spent on paid work, unpaid work and non-productive activities. This paper argues that women's increased involvement in paid work, changes in gender role, and in family forms may have increased the amount of time that men spend on unpaid care work. However, the increases are far from meaningful for gender relations in practice despite the significant social and economic changes.
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