Physical and Mechanical Properties of Methyl Methacrylate-Impregnated Wood from Three Fast-Growing Tropical Tree Species

( Yusuf Sudo Hadi ),( Muh Yusram Massijaya ),( Lukmanul Hakim Zaini ),( Rohmah Pari ) 한국목재공학회 2019 목재공학 Vol.47 No.3

Timber from plantation forests has inferior physical and mechanical properties compared to timber from natural forest because it is mostly from fast-growing tree species that are cut at a young age. Filling cell voids with methyl methacrylate (MMA) can improve the wood properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of MMA-impregnated wood from three fast-growing wood species, namely jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.), mangium (Acacia mangium Willd) and pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese). Wood samples were either immersed in MMA monomer or impregnated with it and then heated to induce the polymerization process. Jabon, which was the lowest density wood, had the highest polymer loading, followed by pine and mangium. The physical and mechanical properties of samples were affected by wood species and the presence of MMA, with higher-density wood having better properties than wood with a lower density. Physical and mechanical properties of MMA wood were enhanced compared to untreated wood. Furthermore, the impregnation process was better than immersion process resulting the physical and mechanical properties. Based on MOR values, the MMA woods were one strength class higher compared to untreated wood with regard to Strength Classification of Indonesian Wood.

Furfurylation Effects on Discoloration and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Wood from Tropical Plantation Forests

( Yusuf Sudo Hadi ),( Elis Nina Herliyana ),( Gustan Pari ),( Rohmah Pari ),( Imam Busyra Abdillah ) 한국목재공학회 2022 목재공학 Vol.50 No.1

Wood from tropical plantation forests has lower physical and mechanical properties than mature wood. Furfuryl alcohol (FA) impregnation into the wood could help to enhance hydrophobic properties, dimensional stability, and structural strength. Furfurylation was applied to specimens of the following four fast-growing tropical wood species: jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), sengon (Falcataria moluccana), mangium (Acacia mangium), and pine (Pinus merkusii). The discoloration and physical and mechanical properties were subsequently measured, and the results showed that furfurylated wood had a darker color and better physical and mechanical properties than untreated wood. Specifically, the furfurylated wood had higher density, modulus of elasticity, and hardness and lower moisture content, water absorption, swelling, and shrinkage. The furfurylation significantly enhanced physical and mechanical properties.

Resistance of Methyl Methacrylate-Impregnated Wood to Subterranean Termite Attack

( Yusuf Sudo Hadi ),( Muh. Yusram Massijaya ),( Lukmanul Hakim Zaini ),( Imam Busyra Abdillah ),( Wa Ode Muliastuty Arsyad ) 한국목재공학회 2018 목재공학 Vol.46 No.6

Timber from fast-growing tree species is susceptible to by biodeterioration attack, particularly subterranean termites. Impregnation with methyl methacrylate (MMA) potentially increases wood resistance to subterranean termite attack. Four wood species, namely sengon (Falcataria moluccana), jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), mangium (Acacia mangium), and pine (Pinus merkusii), were impregnated with MMA, and samples of untreated and imidacloprid-preserved wood were prepared for comparison purposes. Small stakes, sized 0.8 cm by 2 cm in cross section by 20 cm in the longitudinal direction, were inserted into the ground for 3 months, and the weight loss of each specimen was determined at the end of the test period. A factorial 4 × 3 completely randomized design was used for data analysis; the first factor was wood species, and the second factor was treatment. The results showed that MMA polymer loadings were 27.88%, 24.91%, 14.14%, and 17.81% for sengon, jabon, mangium, and pine, respectively, and amounts of imidacloprid retention were 7.56 kg/m³, 5.98 kg/m³, 5.34 kg/m³, and 9.53 kg/m³, respectively. According to an analysis of variance, wood species, treatment, and interaction of both factors significantly affected the weight loss of wood specimens. Mangium had the smallest weight loss, followed by pine, sengon, and jabon. MMA impregnation into the wood increased the resistance of wood samples to subterranean termite attack during in-ground testing, but the resistance level was lower than that of imidacloprid-preserved wood. Except for mangium wood, the MMA treatment did not significantly affect resistance.

Color Change and Resistance to Subterranean Termite Attack of Mangium (Acacia mangium) and Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) Smoked Wood

( Yusuf Sudo Hadi ),( Muh Yusram Massijaya ),( Imam Busyra Abdillah ),( Gustan Pari ),( Wa Ode Muliastuty Arsyad ) 한국목재공학회 2020 목재공학 Vol.48 No.1

Indonesian log production is dominated by young trees harvested from plantation forests. The timber contains of sapwood and juvenile wood, which are not resistant to termite attack. Smoking treatment can enhance wood resistance to termite attack, but it also changes the color. Specimens of mangium (Acacia mangium) and sengon (Falcataria moluccana) wood were exposed for 1, 2, and 3 weeks to smoke produced from the pyrolysis of salam (Syzygium polyanthum) wood. The color change of the wood was measured using the CIELab method. In addition, wood specimens were exposed to subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) under laboratory conditions. Untreated and imidacloprid-preserved wood samples were also prepared for comparison purposes. The results showed that the color of smoked wood differed from that of untreated wood, and the color change for sengon was greater than for mangium. In addition, the 1-week smoking period changed the wood color less than the 2- and 3-week periods, which did not differ. Imidacloprid-preserved wood had distinctive color changes compared to untreated wood. Untreated mangium wood had moderate resistance to subterranean termite attack (resistance class III), while sengon had very poor resistance (resistance class V). Salam wood smoke enhanced wood resistance to termite attack, and smoke treatment of 1 week for mangium and 2 weeks for sengon resulted in the wood becoming very resistant (resistance class I). Both types of smoked wood were more resistant to subterranean termite attack than imidacloprid-preserved wood (average class II resistance).

Properties of Glued Laminated Timber Made from Fast-growing Species with Mangium Tannin and Phenol Resorcinol Formaldehyde Adhesives

( Jessica Hendrik ),( Yusuf Sudo Hadi ),( Muh Yusram Massijaya ),( Adi Santoso ),( Antonio Pizzi ) 한국목재공학회 2019 목재공학 Vol.47 No.3

This study characterized the chemical compounds in tannin from mangium (Acacia mangium) bark extract and determined the physical-mechanical properties of glued laminated timber (glulam) made from sengon (Falcataria moluccana), jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), and mangium wood. The adhesives used to prepare the glulam were based on mangium tannin and phenol resorcinol formaldehyde resin. Five-layer glulam beams measuring 5 cm × 6 cm × 120 cm in thickness, width, and length, respectively, were made with a glue spread of 280 g/m² for each glue line, cold pressing at 10.5 kgf/cm² for 4 h and clamping for 20 h. Condensed mangium tannin consisted of 49.08% phenolic compounds with an average molecular weight of 4745. The degree of crystallinity was 14.8%. The Stiasny number was 47.22%. The density and the moisture content of the glulams differed from those of the corresponding solid woods with mangium having the lowest moisture content (9.58%) and the highest density (0.66 g/cm³). The modulus of rupture for all glulam beams met the JAS 234-2003 standard but the modulus of elasticity and the shear strength values did not. Glulam beams made with tannin had high delamination under dry and wet conditions, but glulam made from sengon and jabon wood met the standard’s requirements. All glulam beams had low formaldehyde emissions and were classified as F**** for formaldehyde emissions according to the JAS 234 (2003) standard.

Physical-Mechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Timber Made from Tropical Small-Diameter Logs Grown in Indonesia1

Rahma Nur Komariah,Yusuf Sudo Hadi,Muh Yusram Massijaya,Jajang Suryana 한국목재공학회 2015 목재공학 Vol.43 No.2

The aim of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of glued laminated timber (glulam) manufactured from small-diameter logs of three wood species, Acacia mangium (mangium), Maesopsis eminii (manii), and Falcataria moluccana (sengon), with densities of 533, 392, and 271 kg/m 3 , respectively. Glulam measuring 5 cm by 7 cm by 160 cm in thickness, width, and length, respectively, was made with three to five lamina, or layers, and isocyanate adhesive. The glulams contained either the same wood species for all layers or a combination of mangium face and back layers with a core layer of manii or sengon. Solid wood samples of the same size for all three species were included as a basis for comparison. Physical-mechanical properties and delamination tests of glulam referred to JAS 234:2003. The results showed that the properties of same species glulam did not differ from those of solid wood, with the exception of the shear strength of glulam being lower than that of solid wood. Wood species affected glulam properties, but three- and five-layer glulams were not different except for the modulus of elasticity. All glulams were resistant to delamination by immersion in both cold and boiling water. The glulams that successfully met the JAS standard were three- and five-layer mangium, five-layer manii, and five-layer mangium-manii glulams.

Stain Fungi and Discoloration Control on Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) by Vacuum-Pressure Treatment with Catechin from Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.)

Dodi NANDIKA,Elis Nina HERLIYANA,Arinana ARINANA,Yusuf Sudo Hadi,Mohamad Miftah RAHMAN 한국목재공학회 2023 목재공학 Vol.51 No.3

Recently, the morphological and molecular features of five stain fungi infecting rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis), namely Paecilomyces maximus, Paecilomyces formosus, Penicillium crustosum, Paecilomyces lecythidis and Aspergillus chevalieri, have been studied. Prior to this study, the authors revealed that catechin from gambir (Uncaria gambir) could inhibit the growth of the white-rot fungus Schizophyllum commune, and it was important to determine the bioactivity of the aforementioned agent against A. chevalieri. The efficacy of the biocidal agent was examined using a laboratory wooden block test. Rubberwood blocks, 8 mm in thickness, 20 mm in width, and 30 mm in length, were impregnated with catechin solution at concentrations of 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% (w/v) using the vacuum-pressure method, and their bioactivity was monitored over three weeks through visual and scanning electron microscope assessment of fungal growth as well as the discoloration intensity of the wood samples. The results showed that catechin treatment increased the resistance of wood samples to A. chevalieri. Overall, the higher the catechin concentration, the lower the fungal growth. The lowest fungal growth was observed in the wood samples treated with 12% and 15% catechin (score of 0), demonstrating no discoloration. In contrast, the fungal growth score of the untreated wood samples reached 4, indicating severe discoloration. Catechins appear to be adequate biofungicides against stain fungi in rubberwood.

P-63 : The Physical-Mechanical Of Particleboard Made From Jatropha Fruit Hulls Reinforced By Non Wood Particle

( Apri Heri Iswanto ),( Fauzi Febrianto ),( Yusuf Sudo Hadi ),( Surdiding Ruhendi ),( Dede Hermawan ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 韓國木材工學會 2015 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2015 No.-

Effect of Particle Pre-Treatment on Properties of Jatropha Fruit Hulls Particleboard

( Apri Heri Iswanto ),( Fauzi Febrianto ),( Yusuf Sudo Hadi ),( Surdiding Ruhendi ),( Dede Hermawan ),( Widya Fatriasari ) 한국목재공학회 2018 목재공학 Vol.46 No.2

The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of particle pre-treatment on physical, mechanical, and durability of jatropha fruit hulls (JFH) particleboard. The pre-treatments included were immersing in cold water, hot water, and acetic acid solution. After each treatment, the particles were dried up to 3% moisture content. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin was used to fabricate particleboards with board size, thickness and density target of 25 cm by 25 cm, 0.80 cm, and 0.70 g/cm³, respectively. Board pressed at 130℃ for 10 minutes, and 25 kg/cm² pressure. The evaluation of particleboard followed the JIS A 5908-2003. Whilist their resistance to subterranean termite test (mass loss, mortality, antifeedant value and feeding rate) refers to the Indonesian standard (SNI 01.7207-2006). The physical and mechanical properties of particleboards showed that all pre-treatments decreased the pH of particles. Overall, all particle immersing treatments resulted of better physical and mechanical properties of particleboard than those of untreated ones. The acetic acid treatment resulted the best physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. Based on the mass loss of JFH particleboard, hot water and acetic acid treated particleboards were classified into weak resistance to subterranean attack. The other two treatments were classified into very weak resistance. Hot water treated particleboard provided the highest mortality and antifeedant as much as 87.40% and 34.20%, respectively. Based on antifeedant classification, hot water treated particleboards were classified into moderately strong resistance, while other treatments were categorized into weak resistance. The lowest feeding rate value (45.30 μg/termite/day) was attained by hot water treatment.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Glued Laminated Lumber of Pine (Pinus merkusii) and Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba)

( Andi Sri Rahayu Diza Lestari ),( Yusuf Sudo Hadi ),( Dede Hermawan ),( Adi Santoso ) 한국목재공학회 2018 목재공학 Vol.46 No.2

The aim of this research was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of glued laminated lumber (glulam) made from jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) and pine (Pinus merkusii). Three layers of lamina from each wood species were bonded using isocyanate adhesive with a glue spread of 280 g·m^-2 and then pressed using cold press with a specific pressure of 1.47 MPa. Samples had dimensions of 3 cm×6 cm×100 cm (thickness, width, and length, respectively). Glulam properties were tested based on Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) 234-2003. The results showed that the density of glulam was 0.36 g·cm^-3 for jabon and 0.73 g·cm^-3 for pine. The moisture content of all glulams fulfilled the JAS standard. The mechanical properties of pine glulam fulfilled the JAS standard in all tests, whereas jabon glulam fulfilled the standard in the modulus of rupture and shear tests.