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Triangular No-arbitrage Estimation through Bitcoin: An Application in Venezuelan Bolivars
Yuan-Teng Hsu,Jying-Nan Wang,Chih-Chun Chen 한국증권학회 2018 Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies Vol.47 No.4
In this study, we apply the Bitcoin to estimate the price of the Venezuelan bolivar, due to the unreliability of this currency’s official exchange rate. Our approach is based on the triangular no-arbitrage condition and takes the Bitcoin as an intermediate currency. To verify its validity, in addition to bolivars, six currencies are first considered in the empirical study. We find that trading through the Bitcoin market produces higher transaction costs or requires higher risk compensation than trading through the conventional exchange market. Then, we explore the Venezuelan case. Comparing the estimates of the black market bolivars, which are generated from several popular media sources and the Web site Dolartoday.com, using Bitcoin can produce reliable bolivar exchange rates quickly and easily. To sum up, we verify the feasibility of using the triangular no-arbitrage condition in foreign exchange markets to estimate exchange rates through the Bitcoin. This is especially useful when capital controls exist such as they do in Venezuela.
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Jia-Fong Jhang,Yuan-Hong Jiang,Yung-Hsiang Hsu,Han-Chen Ho,Lori A Birder,Teng-Yi Lin,Hann-Chorng Kuo 대한배뇨장애요실금학회 2022 International Neurourology Journal Vol.26 No.S1
Purpose: To investigate urothelial cell proliferation, cytoskeleton, inflammation, and barrier function protein expressions in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) after intravesical platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections Methods: A total of 19 patients with IC/BPS underwent 4 monthly intravesical PRP injections. Bladder biopsies were taken at the first and fourth PRP treatment. The bladder specimens were analyzed using the Western blot and immunochemical staining for progenitor cell markers for sonic hedgehog (Shh), CD34, and cytoskeleton proteins cytokeratin 5 (CK5), CK14, CK20; barrier function markers for zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), E-cadherin, and intercellular adhesive molecule-1, tryptase and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Global response assessment (GRA) was used to evaluate treatment outcomes. Results: The mean age of patients was 55.6 years. After PRP injections, the functional bladder capacity and maximum flow rate increased, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, interstitial cystitis (IC) symptom index, IC problem index, O’Leary-Sant symptom score, and GRA improved in all patients. Urothelium Shh, CK5, ZO-1, E-cadherin, and TGF-β expressions increased significantly after repeated PRP injections. By subgrouping, according to PRP treatment outcomes, significant increases in Shh, E-cadherin, and ZO-1 expressions were noted only in patients with GRA ≥1 or improved VAS, but not in patients with GRA=0 and no improvement in VAS. Conclusions: The level of urothelial barrier function protein and cell proliferation protein expression in the patients with IC/ BPS was increased after repeat intravesical PRP injections. Intravesical repeat PRP injections may have potential to improve urothelial health and result in symptoms improvement in the patients with IC/BPS.
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